بلديات السيطرة المباشرة في الصين
| Municipality[1] 直辖市 Zhíxiáshì | |
|---|---|
 | |
| التصنيف | First-level administration Unitary state |
| الموقع | People's Republic of China |
| العدد | 4 (#1 Beijing; #2 تيان‌جين؛ #3 تشونگ‌چينگ؛ #4 Shanghai) |
| عدد السكان | 12,938,224 (تيان‌جين) – 28,846,170 (تشونگ‌چينگ) - 21.7 million (2016)(بـِيْ‌جينگ) - 24.15 million (2016)(شانغهاي) |
| المساحة | 6,341 km2 (2,448.1 sq mi) (شانغهاي) – 82,400 km2 (31,816 sq mi) (تشونگ‌چينگ) |
| التقسيمات | District, county, autonomous county |
| هذا المقال هو جزء من سلسلة عن |
| التقسيمات الادارية في الصين |
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التاريخ: قبل 1912، 1912–49، 1949–الحاضر رموز التقسيمات الادارية |
A municipality (الصينية المبسطة: 直辖市؛ الصينية التقليدية: 直轄市؛ پن‌ين: zhíxiáshì؛ حرفياً: 'direct-controlled city'�), formally as municipality under the direct administration of central government, is the highest level of classification for cities used by the People's Republic of China. These cities have the same rank as provinces, and form part of the first tier of administrative divisions of China.
A municipality is a "city" (صينية: 市؛ پن‌ين: shì�) with "provincial" (صينية: 省级؛ پن‌ين: shěngjí�) power under a unified jurisdiction. As such it is simultaneously a city and a province of its own right.
A municipality is often not a "city" in the usual sense of the term (i.e., a large continuous urban settlement), but instead an administrative unit comprising, typically, a main central urban area (a city in the usual sense, usually with the same name as the municipality), and its much larger surrounding rural area containing many smaller cities (districts and subdistricts), towns and villages. The larger municipality spans over 100 kilometres (62 mi). To distinguish a "municipality" from its actual urban area (the traditional meaning of the word city), the term "urban area" (صينية: 市区�) is used.
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التاريخ
The first municipalities were the 11 cities of Nanjing, شانغهاي, بـِيْ‌جينگ, تيان‌جين, چینگداو, تشونگ‌چينگ, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Hankou (now part of Wuhan), Shenyang, and Harbin when the ROC government ruled China. They were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as "cities" during the 1920s. Nominally, Dalian was a municipality as well, although it was under Japanese control. These cities were first called special municipalities/cities (特别市؛ 特別市؛ tèbiéshì�), but were later renamed Yuan-controlled municipalities (院辖市؛ 院轄市؛ yuànxiáshì�), then direct-controlled municipalities (直辖市؛ 直轄市؛ zhíxiáshì�) by the Central Government.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Anshan, Benxi, and فوشون were also made municipalities, بينما چینگداو، داليان، وهاربين were reduced to provincial municipalities.[2] Hankou was merged into Wuhan. Hence, there remained 12 municipalities, until Dalian was elevated in 1950. In November 1952, Nanjing was reduced to a provincial municipality.[3] In July 1953, Harbin was restored to municipality status, along with Changchun.[4] ماعدا بـِيْ‌جينگ و تيان‌جين، which were under central control, all other municipalities were governed by the greater administrative areas.
In June 1954, 11 of the 14 municipalities were reduced to sub-provincial cities; many of them became capitals of the provinces they were in. فقط بـِيْ‌جينگ، وشانغهاي وتيان‌جين remained municipalities, until تشونگ‌چينگ was restored as a municipality in 1997 with a much enlarged area. تيان‌جين was also temporarily reverted to sub-provincial city status between 1958-1967.
الموقع في التراتب
Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in the PRC. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language.
Three levels of cities في جمهورية الصين الشعبية:
- Municipalities (直辖市؛ 直轄市؛ zhíxiáshì�);
- Prefecture-level cities (地级市؛ 地級市؛ dìjíshì�), including sub-provincial cities; and,
- County-level cities (县级市؛ 縣級市؛ xiànjíshì�), including sub-prefecture-level cities.
الادارة
In municipalities, the highest ranking government official is the Mayor. The mayor is also a delegate in the National People's Congress (the legislature)[5] and Deputy Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee. However, the highest administrative authority in the municipality belongs to the Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee or Party Secretary.
بلديات جمهورية الصين الشعبية الحالية
| ISO[6] | اسم التقسيم | الصينية المبسطة | هانيو پن‌ين | اختصار | التعداد[7] | المساحة (كم²) | التقسيمات | مقر المدينة | المقاطعة الأصلية (تاريخ الانفصال) |
المحافظة الأصلية | الناحية الأصلية |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN-11 | بـِيْ‌جينگ | 北京市 | Běijīng Shì | 京 jīng | 19,612,368 | 16,801 | List (16 districts) | Dongcheng Tongzhou |
Hebei (Oct. 1949) |
Shuntian | Daxing |
| CN-12 | تيان‌جين | 天津市 | Tiānjīn Shì | 津 jīn | 12,938,224 | 11,760 | List (16 districts) | Heping | Hebei (Jan. 1967) |
تيان‌جين | تيان‌جين |
| CN-31 | شانغهاي | 上海市 | Shànghǎi Shì | 沪 hù | 23,019,148 | 6,340 | List (16 districts) | Huangpu | Jiangsu (Mar. 1927) |
Songjiang | شانغهاي |
| CN-50 | تشونگ‌چينگ | 重庆市 | Chóngqìng Shì | 渝 yú | 28,846,170 (City Core 16,240,026) |
82,300 (City Core 6,268) |
List (26 districts, 8 counties, & 4 autonomous counties) (City Core: 19 districts) |
Yuzhong | Sichuan (May 1997) |
تشونگ‌چينگ | با |
البلديات السابقة في جمهورية الصين وجمهورية الصين الشعبية
| الاسم | الصينية المبسطة | پن‌ين | اختصار | مقر المدينة | فترة الادارة | المقاطعة الأصلية | المحافظة الأصلية | الناحية الأصلية |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| جينگ‌دو | 京都市 | Jīngdū Shì | 京 jīng | Dongcheng | 1921–1927 | Zhili (المقاطعة الحالية: Hebei) |
Shuntian | داشنگ |
| Jingu | 津沽市 | Jīngū Shì | 津 jīn | Heping | 1921–1927 | Zhili (المقاطعة الحالية: Hebei) |
تيان‌جين | تيان‌جين |
| سونگ‌هو | 淞沪市 | Sōnghù Shì | 沪 hù | Huangpu | 1921–1927 | جيانگ‌سو | Songjiang | شانغهاي |
| چینگداو | 青岛市 | Qīngdǎo Shì | 青 qīng | Shinan | 1921–1927, 1929–1949 | شان‌دونگ | جياوژو | جياو |
| هاربين | 哈尔滨市 | Hārbīn Shì | 哈 hā | Nangang | 1921–1927, 1947–1949, 1953–1954 | Songjiang (المقاطعة الحالية: Heilongjiang) |
Binzhou | بن |
| هان‌كو | 汉口市 | Hànkǒu Shì | 汉 hàn | جيانگ‌آن | 1921–1927, 1929–1931, 1947–1949 | هوبـِيْ | هان‌يانگ | هان‌يانگ |
| ووشي | 无锡市 | Wúxī Shì | 锡 xī | بن‌هو | 1921–1927 | جيانگ‌سو | چانگ‌ژو | ووشي |
| هانگ‌ژو | 杭州市 | Hángzhōu Shì | 杭 háng | Gongshu | 1921–1927 | ژى‌جيانگ | هانگ‌ژو | Yuhang |
| ننگ‌بو | 宁波市 | Níngbō Shì | 甬 yǒng | Yinzhou | 1921–1927 | Zhejiang | ننگ‌بو | ين |
| آن‌چنگ | 安庆市 | Ānqìng Shì | 安 ān | داگوان | 1921–1927 | آن‌هوي | آن‌چنگ | Huaining |
| نان‌چانگ | 南昌市 | Nánchāng Shì | 洪 hóng | Donghu | 1921–1927 | جيانگ‌شي | نان‌چانگ | نان‌چانگ |
| ووتشانگ | 武昌市 | Wǔchāng Shì | 武 wǔ | ووتشانگ | 1921–1927 | هوبـِيْ | ووتشانگ | Jiangxia |
| گوانگ‌ژو | 广州市 | Guǎngzhōu Shì | 穗 suì | Yuexiu | 1921–1927, 1930, 1947–1954 | گوانگ‌دونگ | گوانگ‌ژو | Panyu Nanhai |
| ووژو | 梧州市 | Wúzhōu Shì | 梧 wú | Changzhou | 1921–1927 | گوانگ‌شي | ووژو | Cangwu |
| نان‌جينگ | 南京市 | Nánjīng Shì | 宁 níng | Xuanwu | 1927–1952 | جيانگ‌سو | Jiangning | Jiangning |
| شي‌آن | 西安市 | Xī'ān Shì | 鎬 hào | Weiyang | 1927–1954 | شآن‌شي | شي‌آن | چانگ‌آن |
| ووهان | 武汉市 | Wǔhàn Shì | 汉 hàn | Jiang'an | 1927–1929, 1949 | هوبـِيْ | Hanyang ووتشانگ |
Hanyang Jiangxia |
| بـِيْ‌پينگ | 北平市 | Jīngdū Shì | 平 píng | Dongcheng | 1928–1949 | Zhili (المقاطعة الحالية: خى‌بـِيْ) |
Shuntian | Daxing |
| داليان | 大连市 | Dàlián Shì | 连 lián | Xigang | 1947–1949 | Andong/Liaodong (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ) |
Jinzhou | Ninghai |
| شن‌يانگ | 沈阳市 | Shěnyáng Shì | 沈 shěn | Shenhe | 1947–1954 | لياوشي (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ) |
Fengtian | Fengtian |
| آن‌شان | 鞍山市 | Ānshān Shì | 鞍 ān | Tiedong | 1949–1954 | Andong/Liaodong (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ) |
لياوننگ | Haicheng لياوننگ |
| Benxi | 本溪市 | Běnxī Shì | 本 běn | Pingshan | 1949–1954 | Andong/Liaodong (المقاطعة الحالية: Liaoning) |
Fengtian | Benxi |
| فوشون | 抚顺市 | Fǔshùn Shì | 抚 fǔ | Xinfu | 1949–1954 | Andong/Liaodong (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ) |
Fengtian | فوشون |
| لودا | 旅大市 | Lǚdà Shì | 旅 lǚ | Xigang | 1950–1954 | Lüda (المقاطعة الحالية: لياوننگ) |
Jinzhou | Ninghai |
| چانگ‌چون | 长春市 | Chángchūn Shì | 春 chūn | Nanguan | 1953–1954 | Jilin | Changchun | Changchun |
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انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ "Local Governments". Chinese Government's Official Web Portal. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ [1] Archived مارس 18, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [2] Archived مارس 18, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [3] Archived يونيو 19, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Chongqing Mayor: Government Must Place Service Above Anything Else". Xinhua News Agency. March 3, 2003. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ ISO 3166-2:CN (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of China)
- ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census (No. 1)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. April 28, 2011. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
وصلات خارجية
Media related to Municipalities in China at Wikimedia Commons
| مقاطعات |  | |
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| مناطق الحكم الذاتي | ||
| البلديات | ||
| SAR | ||
1 تايوان تطالب بها جمهورية الصين الشعبية إلا أن جمهورية الصين(ROC) تديرها. انظر الوضع السياسي لتايوان. | ||