شارتر

(تم التحويل من Chartres)
For other uses, see شارتر (توضيح).
Chartres
Prefecture and commune
Chartres Cathedral in late-May 2010
Chartres Cathedral in late-May 2010
درع Chartres
Coat of arms
Location of Chartres
Chartres is located in فرنسا
Chartres
Chartres
Chartres is located in Centre-Val de Loire
Chartres
Chartres
الإحداثيات: 48°27′22″N 1°29′02″E / 48.456°N 1.484°E / 48.456; 1.484Coordinates: 48°27′22″N 1°29′02″E / 48.456°N 1.484°E / 48.456; 1.484
البلدفرنسا
المنطقةCentre-Val de Loire
الإقليمEure-et-Loir
الدائرةChartres
الكانتونChartres-1, 2 and 3
بين‌التجمعاتChartres Métropole
الحكومة
 • العمدة (2014-2020) Jean-Pierre Gorges
المساحة
1
16٫85 كم² (6٫51 ميل²)
التعداد
 (يناير 2019)
38٬534
 • الكثافة2٬300/km2 (5٬900/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/الرمز البريدي
28085 /28000
المنسوب121–161 m (397–528 ft)
(avg. 142 m or 466 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Chartres (النطق الفرنسي: [ʃaʁtʁ]) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in France. It is located about 90 km (56 mi)[1] southwest of Paris. Chartres is famous world-wide for its cathedral. Mostly constructed between 1193 and 1250, this Gothic cathedral is in an exceptional state of preservation. The majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century.[2] Much of the old town, including the library associated with the School of Chartres, was destroyed by bombs in 1944.

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History

Chartres was one of the principal towns in Gaul of the Carnutes, a Celtic tribe. In the Gallo-Roman period, it was called Autricum, name derived from the river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum, "city of the Carnutes", from which Chartres got its name. The city was burned by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911.

During the Middle Ages, it was the most important town of the Beauce. It gave its name to a county which was held by the counts of Blois, and the counts of Champagne, and afterwards by the House of Châtillon, a member of which sold it to the Crown in 1286.

In 1417, during the Hundred Years' War, Chartres fell into the hands of the English, from whom it was recovered in 1432. In 1528, it was raised to the rank of a duchy by Francis I.

In 1568, during the Wars of Religion, Chartres was unsuccessfully besieged by the Huguenot leader, the Prince of Condé. It was finally taken by the royal troops of Henry IV on 19 April 1591. On Sunday, 27 February 1594, the cathedral of Chartres was the site of the coronation of Henry IV after he converted to the Catholic faith, the only king of France whose coronation ceremony was not performed in Reims.

In 1674, Louis XIV raised Chartres from a duchy to a duchy peerage in favor of his nephew, Duke Philippe II of Orléans. The title of Duke of Chartres was hereditary in the House of Orléans, and given to the eldest son of the Duke of Orléans.

In the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War, Chartres was seized by the Germans on 2 October 1870, and continued during the rest of the war to be an important centre of operations.

In World War II, the city suffered heavy damage by bombing and during the battle of Chartres in August 1944, but its cathedral was spared by an American Army officer who challenged the order to destroy it.[3] On 16 August 1944, Colonel Welborn Barton Griffith, Jr. questioned the necessity of destroying the cathedral and volunteered to go behind enemy lines to find out whether the Germans were using it as an observation post. With his driver, Griffith proceeded to the cathedral and, after searching it all the way up its bell tower, confirmed to Headquarters that it was empty of Germans. The order to destroy the cathedral was withdrawn.

Colonel Griffith was killed in action later on that day in the town of Lèves, 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) north of Chartres.[3][4] For his heroic action both at Chartres and Lèves, Colonel Griffith received, posthumously, several decorations awarded by the President of the United States and the U.S. Military, and also from the French government.[5]

Following deep reconnaissance missions in the region by the 3rd Cavalry Group and units of the 1139 Engineer Combat Group, and after heavy fighting in and around the city, Chartres was liberated, on 18 August 1944, by the U.S. 5th Infantry and 7th Armored Divisions belonging to the XX Corps of the U.S. Third Army commanded by General George S. Patton.[6]


Climate

بيانات مناخ Chartres (1981–2010 averages)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 16.1
(61) 		18.5
(65.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		28.2
(82.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		36.3
(97.3) 		40.1
(104.2) 		39.6
(103.3) 		33.7
(92.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		40٫1
(104٫2)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 6.4
(43.5) 		7.6
(45.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		20.9
(69.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		15٫3
(59٫5)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 1.2
(34.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.8
(46) 		4.1
(39.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6٫7
(44٫1)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -18.4
(-1.1) 		-15.0
(5) 		-11.0
(12.2) 		-4.9
(23.2) 		-1.0
(30.2) 		1.4
(34.5) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.5
(32.9) 		-5.4
(22.3) 		-11.3
(11.7) 		-14.2
(6.4) 		−18٫4
(−1٫1)
هطول mm (inches) 49.2
(1.937) 		40.2
(1.583) 		44.4
(1.748) 		45.0
(1.772) 		54.7
(2.154) 		48.2
(1.898) 		56.5
(2.224) 		43.0
(1.693) 		46.9
(1.846) 		62.3
(2.453) 		52.2
(2.055) 		56.3
(2.217) 		598٫9
(23٫579)
% Humidity 89 85 80 75 77 76 74 75 79 86 89 90 81٫3
Avg. precipitation days 10.4 9.1 9.7 9.0 9.9 8.0 7.7 6.5 7.7 10.0 10.4 10.8 109٫1
Sunshine hours 65.7 83.7 135.8 176.1 202.9 222.6 224.5 219.6 177.8 119.2 71.9 58.2 1٬758٫0
Source #1: Météo France[7][8]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, 1961–1990)[9]

Population

التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
179315٬000—    
180013٬794−8.0%
180613٬809+0.1%
182113٬714−0.7%
183114٬439+5.3%
183614٬750+2.2%
184116٬383+11.1%
184617٬353+5.9%
185118٬234+5.1%
185618٬925+3.8%
186119٬531+3.2%
186619٬442−0.5%
187219٬580+0.7%
187620٬468+4.5%
188121٬080+3.0%
188621٬903+3.9%
189123٬108+5.5%
189623٬182+0.3%
190123٬431+1.1%
190623٬219−0.9%
191124٬103+3.8%
192123٬349−3.1%
192624٬630+5.5%
193125٬357+3.0%
193627٬077+6.8%
194626٬422−2.4%
195428٬740+8.8%
196231٬495+9.6%
196834٬469+9.4%
197538٬928+12.9%
198237٬119−4.6%
199039٬595+6.7%
199940٬361+1.9%
200839٬159−3.0%
201139٬273+0.3%


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Geography

Chartres is built on a hill on the left bank of the Eure River. Its renowned medieval cathedral is at the top of the hill, and its two spires are visible from miles away across the flat surrounding lands. To the southeast stretches the fertile plain of Beauce, the "granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.

Main sights

Cathedrals and churches

Cathedral of Chartres.
The famous "Chartres blue".
South elevation, lithography 1864
The Church of Saint Aignan.

Chartres is best known for its cathedral, the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, which is considered one of the finest and best preserved Gothic cathedrals in France and in Europe. Its historical and cultural importance has been recognized by its inclusion on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

Museums

  • Musée des Beaux-Arts, Fine arts museum, housed in the former episcopal palace adjacent to the cathedral.
  • Le Centre international du vitrail, a workshop-museum and cultural center devoted to stained glass art, located 50 metres (160 feet) from the cathedral.
  • Conservatoire du machinisme et des pratiques agricoles, an agricultural museum.
  • Musée le grenier de l'histoire, history museum specializing in military uniforms and accoutrements, in Lèves, a suburb of Chartres.
  • Muséum des sciences naturelles et de la préhistoire, Natural Science and Prehistory Museum (closed since 2015).


Other sights

The Eure River, which at this point divides into three branches, is crossed by several bridges, some of them ancient, and is fringed in places by remains of the old fortifications, of which the Porte Guillaume (14th century), a gateway flanked by towers, was the most complete specimen, until destroyed by the retreating German army in the night of 15 to 16 August 1944. The steep, narrow streets of the old town contrast with the wide, shady boulevards which encircle it and separate it from the suburbs. The "parc André-Gagnon" or "Clos St. Jean", a pleasant park, lies to the north-west, and squares and open spaces are numerous.

Part of the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) is a building of the 17th century called Hôtel de Montescot. The Maison Canoniale dating back to the 13th century, and several medieval and Renaissance houses, are of interest.

There is a statue of General Marceau (1769-1796), a native of Chartres and a general during the French Revolution.

La Maison Picassiette, a house decorated inside and out with mosaics of shards of broken china and pottery, is also worth a visit.

Economy

Chartres is one of the most important market towns in the region of Beauce (known as "the granary of France").

The game pies and other delicacies of Chartres are well known, and the industries also include flour-milling, brewing, distilling, iron-founding, leather manufacture, perfumes, dyeing, and the manufacture of electronic equipment, car accessories, stained glass, billiard requisites and hosiery.

Since 1976 fashion and perfumes company Puig has a production plant in this commune.[10]

Notable people

Chartres was the birthplace of:

International relations

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة

Chartres is twinned with:[11]


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Gallery

  • Chartres railway station

    Chartres railway station

  • 17th-century engraving of Chartres "skyline"

    17th-century engraving of Chartres "skyline"

  • The cathedral of Chartres

    The cathedral of Chartres

  • The Apostles and Saint sculptures of Chartres

    The Apostles and Saint sculptures of Chartres

  • The Old Town – Eure River

    The Old Town – Eure River

  • Half-timbered house in the Old Town

    Half-timbered house in the Old Town

  • Hill of Saint François

    Hill of Saint François

  • View south from the cathedral

    View south from the cathedral

  • On the banks of the Eure River

    On the banks of the Eure River

See also

References

  • INSEE
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chartres" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 5 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Chartres and the Chartres Cathedral – Visitor Guide
  • La Maison Picassiette in Chartres
  1. ^ Google maps gives 91 km town hall to town hall; it is less city limit to city limit and less far again as the crow flies.
  2. ^ "Chartres, the Gothic Cathedral near Paris". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  3. ^ أ ب MilitaryTimes.com. "MilitaryTimes Hall of Valor". Welborn Barton Griffith, Jr. Military Times, a Gannett Company. Archived from the original on 18 يناير 2012. Retrieved 10 مايو 2011. Note: The Distinguished Service Cross was awarded posthumously for saving the cathedral.
  4. ^ Jay Nordlinger (2011). "A Colonel at Chartres". The Corner. NationalReview.com. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  5. ^ On 21 October 1944, for his heroic action, Colonel Welborn B. Griffith, Jr. was awarded, posthumously, the Distinguished Service Cross:|title=Militarytimes Hall of Valor: Welborn Barton Griffith, Jr. He was also awarded the Silver Star, the Purple Heart, the Legion of Merit, the French Croix de Guerre and the Légion d'Honneur: Eugene G. Schulz, The Ghost in General Patton's Third Army, USA, 2012. ISBN 978-1477141441
  6. ^ Winieska, Françoise, August 1944, The Liberation of Rambouillet, France, SHARY, 1999, pp. 19–23, ISBN 2-9514047-0-0
  7. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Chartres" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 30, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ "Climat Centre-Val de Loire" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 30, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  9. ^ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Chartres - Champhol (28) - altitude 155m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved December 30, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ "To be multinational in Spain costs a lot, because the domestic market is too small". La Vanguardia. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  11. ^ "Association des Amis des Jumelages de Chartres". jumelages-chartres.fr (in الفرنسية). Chartres. Retrieved 2019-11-20.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chartres.

قالب:Eure-et-Loir communes

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