ثقافة قفصة

(تم التحويل من Capsian culture)
Capsian
Distribution of major Iberomaurusian and Capsian sites in the Maghreb.jpg
النطاق الجغرافيNorth Africa, possibly East Africa
الفترةNeolithicBronze Age
التواريخc. 8,000 – c. 2,700 BC
الموقع النمطيEl Mekta
المواقع الرئيسيةMedjez II, Dakhlat es-Saâdane, Aïn Naga, Khanguet El-Mouhaâd, Aïn Misteheyia, Kef Zoura D, El Mekta.
سبقهاIberomaurusian
تلاهاLibyans
الحقبة التاريخية
العصر الحجري الحديث
العصر الحجري الوسيط
الهلال الخصيب
العصر الحجري الحديث الثقيل
العصر الحجري الحديث للرعاة
العصر الحجري الحديث ثلاثي الأوجه
قبل الخزفي (أ، ب)
ثقافة قرعون
الثقافة الطاحونية
الثقافة اليرموكية
ثقافة حلف
فترة حلف-العبيد الانتقالية
ثقافة العـُبيد
بيبلوس
أريحا
تل أسود
چاتل‌هويوك
جرمو
اوروپا
Boian culture
ثقافة بوتمير
Cernavodă culture
Coțofeni culture
ثقافة كوكوتني-تريپليان
Dudeşti culture
Gorneşti culture
Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture
Hamangia culture
الخزف الخطي
معابد مالطة
Petreşti culture
ثقافة سسكلو
Tisza culture
Tiszapolgár culture
Usatovo culture
حضارة ڤارنا
حضارة ڤنچا
حضارة ڤوچدول
الصين
Peiligang culture
Pengtoushan culture
Beixin culture
Cishan culture
ثقافة دادي‌وان
ثقافة هولي
Xinglongwa culture
ثقافة شين‌لى
Zhaobaogou culture
Hemudu culture
ثقافة داشي
Majiabang culture
Yangshao culture
Hongshan culture
Dawenkou culture
Songze culture
Liangzhu culture
Majiayao culture
Qujialing culture
Longshan culture
ثقافة باودون
Shijiahe culture
Yueshi culture
التبت
جنوب آسيا
مهرگره
الأمريكتان

العصر الحجري النحاسي

فترة اوروك
فترة قبور الحفر
Corded Ware
اوروبا
أمريكا الوسطى

الزراعة، تربية الحيوانات
صناعة الفخار، علم المعادن، العجلات
الخنادق الدائرية، مصراع، ميگاليث
دين العصر الحجري الحديث

العصر البرونزي

The Capsian culture was a Mesolithic and Neolithic culture centered in the Maghreb that lasted from about 8,000 to 2,700 BC.[1][2][هل هذا التاريخ معاير؟] It was named after the town of Gafsa in Tunisia, which was known as Capsa in Roman times.

Capsian industry was concentrated mainly in modern Tunisia and Algeria, with some lithic sites attested from southern Spain to Sicily. It is traditionally divided into two horizons, the Capsien typique (Typical Capsian) and the Capsien supérieur (Upper Capsian), which are sometimes found in chronostratigraphic sequence. Sometimes, a third period, Capsian Neolithic (6,200–5,300 BP) is also specified. They represent variants of one tradition, the differences between them being both typological and technological.[3][4][5]

During this period, the environment of the Maghreb was open savanna, much like modern East Africa, with Mediterranean forests at higher altitudes.[6] The Capsian diet included a wide variety of animals, ranging from aurochs and hartebeest to hares and snails; there is little evidence concerning plants eaten.[7][8] During the succeeding Neolithic of Capsian Tradition, there is evidence from one site, for domesticated, probably imported, ovicaprids.[9]

Anatomically, Capsian populations were modern Homo sapiens, traditionally classed into two variegate types: Proto-Mediterranean and Mechta-Afalou on the basis of cranial morphology. Some have argued that they were immigrants from the east (Natufians),[10] whereas others argue for population continuity based on physical skeletal characteristics and other criteria.[11][7][12]

Given the Capsian culture's timescale, widespread occurrence in the Sahara, and geographic association with modern speakers of the Afroasiatic languages, historical linguists have tentatively associated the industry with the Afroasiatic family's earliest speakers on the continent.[13]

Nothing is known about Capsian religion, but their burial methods suggest a belief in an afterlife. Decorative art is widely found at their sites, including figurative and abstract rock art, and ochre is found coloring both tools and corpses. Ostrich eggshells were used to make beads and containers; seashells were used for necklaces. The Ibero-Maurusian practice of extracting the central incisors continued sporadically, but became rarer.

The Eburran industry which dates between 13,000 and 9,000 BC[هل هذا التاريخ معاير؟] in East Africa, was formerly known as the "Kenya Capsian" due to similarities in the stone blade shapes.

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Gallery


See also

References

  1. ^ Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000-04-30). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology (in الإنجليزية). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 93. ISBN 9780306461583.
  2. ^ Whitehouse, Ruth D. (24 February 2016). Macmillan Dictionary of Archaeology – Google Książki. ISBN 9781349075898.
  3. ^ 2005 D. Lubell. Continuité et changement dans l'Epipaléolithique du Maghreb. In, M. Sahnouni (ed.) Le Paléolithique en Afrique: l’histoire la plus longue, pp. 205–226. Paris: Guides de la Préhistoire Mondiale, Éditions Artcom’/Errance.
  4. ^ 2004 N. Rahmani. Technological and cultural change among the last Hunter-Gatherers of the Maghreb: the Capsian (10,000 B.P. to 6000 B.P.). Journal of World Prehistory 18(1): 57–105.
  5. ^ 2013 S. Mulazzani (ed.) Le Capsien de Hergla (Tunisie). Culture, Environnement et économie. Reports in African Archaeology 4. Frankfurt a. M., Africa Magna Verlag. ISBN 978-3-937248-36-3.
  6. ^ 1984 D. Lubell. Paleoenvironments and Epi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.C.). In, J.D. Clark & S.A. Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 41–56.
  7. ^ أ ب 1984 D. Lubell, P. Sheppard & M. Jackes. Continuity in the Epipalaeolithic of northern Africa with an emphasis on the Maghreb. In, F. Wendorf & A. Close (eds.), Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3: 143–191. New York: Academic Press.
  8. ^ 2004 D. Lubell.Prehistoric edible land snails in the circum-Mediterranean: the archaeological evidence. In, J-J. Brugal & J. Desse (eds.), Petits Animaux et Sociétés Humaines. Du Complément Alimentaire Aux Ressources Utilitaires. XXIVe rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes, pp. 77–98. Antibes: Éditions APDCA.
  9. ^ 1979 C. Roubet. Économie Pastorale Préagricole en Algérie Orientale: le Néolithique de Tradition Capsienne. Paris: CNRS.
  10. ^ 1985 D. Ferembach. On the origin of the Iberomaurusians (Upper Paleolithic, North Africa): a new hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution 14: 393–397.
  11. ^ 1991 P. Sheppard & D. Lubell. Early Holocene Maghreb prehistory: an evolutionary approach. Sahara 3: 63–9
  12. ^ D. Lubell (October 1, 2001). "Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb". In Peregrine, Peter Neal; Ember, Melvin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Prehistory (PDF). Vol. 1 : Africa. New York: Springer. pp. 129–149.
  13. ^ Language, Volume 61, Issues 3–4. Linguistic Society of America. 1985. p. 695. Retrieved 31 January 2017.

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