حركة الوعي الأسود

(تم التحويل من Black Consciousness Movement)
الفصل العنصري (أپارتهايد)
في جنوب أفريقيا

Apartheid sign.JPG
أحداث و مشروعات

مذبحة شارپڤيل · انتفاضة سويتو
محاكمة الخيانة
محاكمة ريڤونيا · تفجير تشرش ستريت
CODESA · مذبحة كنيسة سانت جيمس

المنظمات

ANC · IFP · AWB · Black Sash · CCB
PP · RP ·PRP· PFP · HNP · MK · PAC · SACP · UDF
برودربوند · الحزب الوطني · COSATU

الأشخاص

پ.و. بوتا · Oupa Gqozo · د.ف. مالان
نلسون مانديلا · والتر سيسولو
هلن سوزمان · هاري شوارتس · أندريس ترويرنيشت
هـ.ف. ڤروورد · اوليڤر تامبو · ب.ج. ڤورستر
كايزر ماتانزيما · جيمي كروگر · ستيڤ بيكو

الأماكن

بانتوستان · District Six · جزيرة روبن
صوفياتاون · جنوب غرب أفريقيا
سويتو · ڤلاك‌پلاس

أبعاد أخرى

قوانين الأپارتهايد · ميثاق الحرية
مبادئ سوليڤان · وثيقة كايروس
حملة سحب الاستثمارات
شرطة جنوب أفريقيا
لجنة الحقيقة والمصالحة
اضراب منجم ماريكانا

 ع  ن  ت


حركة الوعي الأسود Black Consciousness Movement ‏(BCM) كانت حركة جذور ناشطة مناهضة للأپارتهايد نشأت في جنوب أفريقيا في منتصف ع1960 من political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.[1] The BCM represented a social movement for political consciousness.

[Black Consciousness'] origins were deeply rooted in Christianity. In 1966, the Anglican Church under the incumbent, Archbishop Robert Selby Taylor, convened a meeting which later on led to the foundation of the University Christian Movement (UCM). This was to become the vehicle for Black Consciousness.[2]

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التاريخ

The Black Consciousness Movement started to develop during the late 1960s, and was led by ستيڤ بيكو, Mamphela Ramphele, and Barney Pityana. During this period, which overlapped with Apartheid, the ANC had committed to an armed struggle through its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe, but this small guerrilla army was neither able to seize and hold territory in South Africa nor to win significant concessions through its efforts. The ANC had been banned by Apartheid leaders, and although the famed Freedom Charter remained in circulation in spite of attempts to censor it, for many students, the ANC had disappeared.

The term Black Consciousness stems from American educator W. E. B. Du Bois's evaluation of the double consciousness of American blacks being taught what they feel inside to be lies about the weakness and cowardice of their race. Du Bois echoed Civil War era black nationalist Martin Delany's insistence that black people take pride in their blackness as an important step in their personal liberation. This line of thought was also reflected in the Pan-Africanist, Marcus Garvey, as well as Harlem Renaissance philosopher Alain Locke and in the salons of the sisters, Paulette and Jane Nardal in Paris.[3] Biko's understanding of these thinkers was further shaped through the lens of postcolonial thinkers such as Frantz Fanon, Léopold Senghor, and Aimé Césaire. Biko reflects the concern for the existential struggle of the black person as a human being, dignified and proud of his blackness, in spite of the oppression of colonialism. The aim of this global movement of black thinkers was to build black consciousness and African consciousness, which they felt had been suppressed under colonialism.[4]


The Soweto uprising and after: 1976–present


Important figures in the movement

جماعات ذات صلة

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ THE SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE: Its historic significance in the struggle against apartheid by David M. Sibeko
  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ Paulette Nardal and her sister Jane contributed invaluably to the négritude movement both with their writings and by being the proprietors of the Clamart Salon, the tea-shop haunt of the French-Black intelligentsia where the négritude movement truly began. It was from the Clamart Salon that Paulette Nardal and the Haitian Dr. Leo Sajou founded La revue du Monde Noir (1931–32), a literary journal published in English and French, which attempted to be a mouthpiece for the growing movement of African and Caribbean intellectuals in Paris.
  4. ^ Biko, Steve. I Write what I Like, University of Chicago Press (2002). The roots of conflicting consciousness are discussed in the introduction to this collection of Biko's writings as written by Lewis R. Gordon (p. ix), as well as in Chapter 11, Steve Biko's essay "Black Racism and White Consciousness" (pp. 61–72) in that volume. Mamphela Ramphele describes Biko's referencing of Négritude writers on p. 55 of her autobiography Across Boundaries, The Feminist Press at CUNY, 1999.

للاستزادة

  • Taylor Branch, At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68, Simon & Schuster, 2006.
  • Amatoritsero (Godwin) Ede, The Black Consciousness Movement in South African Literature.
  • George M. Fredrickson (1981), White Supremacy: a Comparative Study of American and South African History, Oxford University Press USA, 1995.
  • Gail M. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa: the Evolution of an Ideology, University of California Press, 1979.
  • Thomas G. Karis, Gail M. Gerhart, From Protest to Challenge: Nadir and Resurgence, 1964-1979, vol. 5: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882 – 1990, Unisa Press, 1997.

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة: