گاڤريلو پرنسيپ

(تم التحويل من گاڤريلو پرينسيپ)
گاڤريلو پرنسيپ
Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip, prison, infobox crop.jpg
گاڤريلو پرنسيپ في زنزانته في حصرن ترزين
وُلِدَ(1894-07-25)25 يوليو 1894
توفي28 أبريل 1918(1918-04-28) (aged 23)
ترزين، بوهيميا، النمسا-المجر
سبب الوفاةالسل
المثوىVidovdan Heroes Chapel, سراييڤو
43°52′0.76″N 18°24′38.88″E / 43.8668778°N 18.4108000°E / 43.8668778; 18.4108000
اللقباغتيال الأرشدوق فرانتس فرديناند من النمسا، الذي أسهم في اندلاع الحرب العالمية الأولى
التوقيع
Гаврилин потпис.svg

گاڤريلو پرنسيپ (Gavrilo Princip ؛ سيريلية صربية: Гаврило Принцип؛ تـُنطق [ɡǎʋrilo prǐntsip]؛ 25 يوليو 1894 – 28 أبريل 1918) كان عضواً من صرب البوسنة في البوسنة الفتاة التي كانت تسعى إلى إنهاء الحكم النمساوي-المجري في البوسنة والهرسك. وفي عمر التاسعة عشر، قام باغتيال الأرشدوق فرانتس فرديناند من النمسا وزوجة الأرشدوق، صوفي، دوقة هوهن‌برگ، في سراييڤو في 28 يونيو 1914. پرنسيپ وشركاؤه ألقِيَ القبض عليهم وثبت تورطهم كجمعية سرية وطنية، كانت قد بدأت أزمة يوليو وأدت إلى اندلاع الحرب العالمية الأولى.

وفي محاكمته، قال پرنسيپ: "أنا وطني يوغسلاڤي، أهدف لتوحيد كل اليوغسلاڤ، ولا يهمني شكل الدولة، ولكنها لابد أن تتحرر من النمسا."[1] حـُكِم على پرنسيپ بالسجن عشرين عاماً، وهي أقصى عقوبة لسنه، وسـُجـِن في حصن ترزين. وقد توفي في 28 أبريل 1918 بالسل الذي فاقمه سوء أحوال السجن التي تسببت قبل وفاته في بتر يده اليمنى.

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النشأة

Gavrilo Princip was born in the remote hamlet of أوبلياي، بالقرب من بوسانسكو گراهوڤو, on 25 July [ن.ق. 13 July] 1894. He was the second of his parents' nine children, six of whom died in infancy. Princip's mother Marija wanted to name him after her late brother Špiro, but he was named Gavrilo at the insistence of a local Eastern Orthodox priest, who claimed that naming the sickly infant after the Archangel Gabriel would help him survive.[2]

Marija and Petar Princip, 1927
Princip family home in Obljaj

A Serb family, the Princips had lived in northwestern Bosnia for many centuries[3] and adhered to the Serbian Orthodox Christian faith.[4] Princip's parents, Petar and Marija (née Mićić), were poor farmers who lived off the little land that they owned.[5] They belonged to a class of Christian peasants known as kmeti (serfs), who were often oppressed by their Muslim landlords.[6]

Petar, who insisted on "strict correctness," never drank or swore and was ridiculed by his neighbours as a result.[5] In his youth, he fought in the Herzegovina Uprising against the Ottoman Empire.[7] Following the revolt, he returned to being a farmer in the Grahovo valley, where he worked approximately 4 acres (1.6 ha; 0.0063 sq mi) of land and was forced to give a third of his income to his landlord. In order to supplement his income and feed his family, he resorted to transporting mail and passengers across the mountains between northwestern Bosnia and Dalmatia.[8]


Trifko Grabež, Milan Ciganović and Princip in Kalemegdan, May 1914

In 1913, while Princip was staying in Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary declared a state of emergency, implemented martial law, seized control of all schools, and prohibited all Serb cultural organizations.[9]


اغتيال الأرشدوق فرانتس فرديناند

الأرشدوق وزوجته، سراييڤو، 28 يونيو 1914
A map showing the route of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's motorcade

On 28 June 1914, Princip participated in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie Chotek. The royal couple arrived in Sarajevo by train shortly before 10 a.m. and rode in the third car of a six-car motorcade towards Town Hall.[10] Their car's top was rolled back in order to allow the crowds a good view of its occupants.[11]


إلقاء القبض عليه والمحاكمة

Princip, seated centre of first row, on trial 5 December 1914

Princip attempted to shoot himself, but the pistol was wrestled from his hand before he had a chance to fire another shot.[12] At his trial, he said he regretted the killing of the Duchess but that he was proud of what he had done[13] and stated that: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be freed from Austria."[1] The Black Hand was implicated in the assassination which led Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum which led up to the outbreak of World War I.[14]

الحبس والوفاة

زنزانة پرنسيپ في سجن ترزين

Princip was chained to a wall in solitary confinement في حصن ترزين، حيث عاش في ظروف قاسية وأصيب بالسل.[15][14] The disease ate away his bones so badly that his right arm had to be amputated.[16] In January 1916, Princip unsuccessfully attempted to hang himself with a towel.[17] From February to June 1916, Princip met with Martin Pappenheim, a psychiatrist in the Austro-Hungarian army, four times.[17] Pappenheim wrote that Princip believed the World War was bound to happen, independent of his actions, and that he "cannot feel himself responsible for the catastrophe."[15]

Gavrilo Princip died on 28 April 1918, three years and ten months after the assassination. At the time of his death, weakened by malnutrition and disease, he weighed around 40 kilograms (88 lb; 6 st 4 lb).[18]

The memorial chapel at the Saint Archangels Cemetery in Sarajevo

Fearing his bones might become relics for Slavic nationalists, Princip's prison guards secretly took the body to an unmarked grave, but a Czech soldier assigned to the burial remembered the location, and in 1920 Princip and the other "Heroes of Vidovdan" were exhumed and brought to Sarajevo, where they were buried together beneath a chapel "built to commemorate for eternity our Serb heroes" at the Saint Archangels Cemetery[19] which includes a citation from the Montenegrin poet Njegoš: "Blessed is he who lives forever. He had something to be born for."[20]

ذكراه

The statue of Gavrilo Princip in Belgrade

Princip's legacy is still disputed. He is celebrated as a hero by Serbs but regarded as a terrorist by many Bosniaks.[21]

نصب تذكارية وتخليد

The plaque marking the assassination site



انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Dedijer 1966, p. 341.
  2. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 187–188.
  3. ^ Fromkin 2007, pp. 121–122.
  4. ^ Roider 2005, p. 935.
  5. ^ أ ب Fabijančić 2010, p. xxii.
  6. ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 93.
  7. ^ Kidner et al. 2013, p. 756.
  8. ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 95.
  9. ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 97.
  10. ^ Burns, Tracy. "'June 28, 1914: The first attempt'". www.private-prague-guide.com/. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  11. ^ Donnelley 2012, p. 33.
  12. ^ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Who's Who - Gavrilo Princip". www.firstworldwar.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-08.
  13. ^ "Man accused of murdering Archduke Ferdinand goes on trial – archive, 1914". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2017-10-17. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  14. ^ أ ب Johnson 1989, pp. 52-54.
  15. ^ أ ب "Gavrilo Princip Speaks: 1916 Conversations with Martin Pappenheim | Carl Savich" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  16. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة telegraph
  17. ^ أ ب Pappenheim, Martin (1916). "Gavrilo Princip, a participant in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand". The British Library. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  18. ^ "101st Anniversary of the Sarajevo Assassination that caused the World War I". Sarajevo Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). June 29, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; فبراير 15, 2020 suggested (help)
  19. ^ Pokop.ba. "Sveti Arhangeli Georgije i Gavrilo" (in Bosnian). Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  20. ^ "GAVRILO PRINCIP – SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE". Meet the Slavs. 29 يونيو 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  21. ^ Beasley-Murray, Benjamin (26 June 2014). "Gavrilo Princip's Legacy Still Contested". Institute for War and Peace Reporting (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-04.

Bibliography


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للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Young Bosnia