وادي الخليل
وادي الخليل (بالعبرية: הַשְּפֵלָה، وتـُنطـَق: شـفـِلا، Shfela وتعني "الأراضي المنخفضة"،[1] وأيضاً שְׁפֵלַת יְהוּדָה، شفِلات يهودا، أي "سفوح تلال يهوذا") هي منطقة انتقالية تلال منحدرة في الجنوب الأوسط فلسطين (إسرائيل) تمتد على مسافة 10-15 كم بين جبال يهودا والسهل الساحلي.
واليوم وادي الخليل ريفي إلى حد كبير ويضم العديد من المزارع. يبدأ في غربي الخليل ويمر بقرى ترقوميا وإذنا والقبيبة وزيتا وجسير والجلدية والسوافير الغربية وبيت دراس وغيرها. ويعتبر وادي الخليل بالإضافة إلى وادي البسط أهم روافد وادي صقرير.[2] [3] وتحيط به مدن أشدود وعسقلان ورحوڤوت وبيت شمش وكريات گات.
وتزعم التوراه أن سبطي يهودا ودان عاشا في وادي الخليل.[4][5]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الجغرافيا
The Shfela consists of fertile rolling hills.[6][7] Topographically it represents the transition from the higher and more rugged Jerusalem and Hebron Mountains, whose foothills it forms, and the Coastal Plain.[7] About 60 km (35 miles) long in north-south direction and only 13 km (8 miles) wide, it is subdivided into two parts: the western "Low Shephelah", which starts at an altitude of ca. 150 metres above sea level and rises to no more than ca. 200 metres above the Coastal Plain, and the eastern "High Shephelah" rising to altitudes between 250–450 metres above sea level.[8][7] In the upper part the valleys descending from the Judean Mountains are deeper, and they broaden once they reach the lower part where the riverbeds create larger spaces between the hills.[8] Where they reach the Shfela, the rivers can flow over substantial distances along the border between the mountains and the hills, forming longitudinal valleys.[7] Passage between the east-west and north-south valleys has dictated the communication routes throughout history.[7]
In geological terms, the Shfela is a syncline, i.e. it formed as a basin whose rock layers were folded downwards, but is part of the wider south Judean anticlinorium-a regional formation characterised by upward folding.[8][7] Typical to the Shfela are the Senonian-Eocene chalky formations.[7] The soft Eocene chalk is known locally as kirton, which tends to build a harder upper calcrete crust (nari), so that in the past people quarried the kirton while leaving the nari layer in place as a ceiling.[9] Apart from using the extracted rock, they also utilised the generated underground hollows for different purposes (refuge, burial, storage etc.).[9]
One of the major characteristics is hills formed of marl-covered soft chalk, as opposed to the Judean Hills which are made of hard chalk and dolomite.[بحاجة لمصدر] The valleys and lower areas contain soil with a high sand content, as well as large tracts of fertile areas. Seasonal swamps can develop during the rainy season. The southern part is made up of loess, while north of Ashkelon consists of clay. وتقع عسقلان بالسهل الساحلي.
ويتميز وادي الخليل بمناخ متوسطي معتدل إلى شبه قاحل.
A series of east-west valleys cuts the Shfelah into districts. From north to south, they are: the Valley of Ayalon, Sorek Valley, Valley of Elah, Guvrin Valley, Valley of Lachish, and Valley of Adorayim. The biblical towns established there guarded settlements of the interior and took advantage of trade passing along this route. Ayalon was the primary access corridor to Jerusalem along the ascent of Horon.
تاريخ وآثار
وجدت الدراسات الأثرية في وادي الخليل أدلة على الاستيطان خلال العصر البرونزي المتأخر.[10] كان وادي الخليل منطقة فاصلة بين مملكة يهوذا (العصر الحديدي) والفلستين. خلال تراجع وتدمير يهوذا في نهاية المطاف على يد الآشوريين والبابليين، المنطقة استولى عليها تدريجياً الإدوميون وأصبح قلب ما صار يُعرف باليونانية بإسم إدوميا. ازدهر وادي الخليل في العصر الهلنستي، وتأثر بشدة من الحرب اليهودية الرومانية الأولى (66-70) وهجره معظم سكانه اليهود بسبب ثورة بار كوخبا (132-136). ازدهرت مرة أخرى في العصر البيزنطي وكانت مسرحًا لأحد المعارك الكبرى خلال الفتح الإسلامي العربي للقرن السابع.
المواقع الأثرية
انظر أيضًا
- Geography of Israel
- Kiryat Gat – modern Israeli town
- Latrun – historical site and modern monastery in the Ayalon Valley
- Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut – modern Israeli town
- وادي صقرير
مراجع
- ^ Claude R. Conder, in Tent Work in Palestine (pub. Richard Bentley and Son: London 1878, p. 276), wrote: "The term Shephelah مُستخدمة في التلمود لتعني التلال المنخفضة من حجر جيري ناعم، التي كما هو مشروع بالفعل، تشكل منطقة متميزة بين السله وجبال المفيض. الاسم سـِفلى، أو شفله، مازالت موجود في أربع أو خمس أماكن ضمن المنطقة المحيطة ببيت جبرين."
- ^ "صقرير (وادي)".
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|access_date=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|archive_date=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|archive_url=ignored (help) - ^ "جغرافية فلسطين للأستاذ مصطفى مراد الدباغ: المنطقة الساحلية - صفحة 36". فلسطين في الذاكرة. 2007-09-22.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|access_date=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|archive_date=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|archive_url=ignored (help) - ^ Nadav Naʼaman (2005). Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction. Eisenbrauns. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-57506-108-5.
- ^ Joshua 15:33-36, 19:40-41
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةje - ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ "Land of Israel: Geographical Survey. Shephelah". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Thomson Gale. 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
Topographically, the Shephelah represents a transition zone between the Coastal Plains and the Hebron and Jerusalem Mountains. It is relatively narrow – about 8 mi. (13 km.) – in proportion to its south-north extension – about 35 mi. (60 km.). Though they form the foothills of the Judean Mountains, the Shephelah hills differ from the former in almost all respects. Structurally, they form a major synclinal part of the south Judean anticlinorium, composed mainly of chalky formations of Senonian-Eocene origin. Hypsographically, the Shephelah consists of two parts: a western one (the "Low Shephelah"), rising to a height of about 600 ft. (200 m.) above the Coastal Plains, and an eastern one (the "High Shephelah") about 600 ft. (200 m.) higher than the former. On the north the Shephelah borders on the tectonically conditioned Aijalon Valley, one of the main natural approaches to the Judean Mountains. The Shephelah is a region of gently sloped hills separated by the confluents of the major rivers descending into the area from the Judean Mountains. At their entrance into the Shephelah, these rivers, and several of their tributaries, form relatively wide-floored valleys that run for a considerable stretch along the border between the hill and the mountain region. Passage between these longitudinal valleys is relatively convenient, and this natural communication channel has been very important throughout history.
- ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةKKLBrPark - ^ أ ب Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2008). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
- ^ Lester L. Grabbe (1 December 2008). Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 BCE): 1 The Archaeology. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-567-59913-1.
