مـيسا ڤردى، المنتزه الوطني

"مـِسا ڤرده" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر مـِسا ڤرده (توضيح).

منتزه مـِسا ڤرده الوطني Mesa Verde National Park
IUCN category II (national park)
قصر الجرف
الموقع	مقاطعة مونتيزوما، كولورادو الولايات المتحدة أمريكا الجنوبية
أقرب مدينة	كورتز
المساحة	52,485 acres (21,240 ha) 52,253 acres (21,146 ha) federal
تأسست	29 يونيو 1906 (1906-06-29)
الزوار	572,329 (in 2011)
الهيئة الحاكمة	مصلحة المنتزهات الوطنية
موقع تراث عالمي حسب اليونسكو
النوع	ثقافي
المعيار	iii
التوصيف	1978 (القسم الثاني)
الرقم المرجعي	27
الولاية	الولايات المتحدة
المنطقة	أوروپا وأمريكا الجنوبية
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
التوصيف	October 15, 1966
الرقم المرجعي	66000251

Spruce Tree House

Long view of Spruce Tree House

House of Many Windows

منتزه مـِسا ڤردا الوطني Mesa Verde National Park، هو منتزه وطني أمريكي وضمن قائمة اليونسكو للتراث العالمي ويقع في مقاطعة مونتيزوما، كولورادو، الولايات المتحدة. وهو أكبر منطقة حفاظ أثرية في الولايات المتحدة. تأسس المنتزه عام 1906 بقرار من الرئيس الأمريكي ثيودور روزڤلت لحماية أحد أفضل المنحدرات الصخرية المحفوظة في العالم، أو كما قال، "حفظ أعمال الإنسان". وهو المتنزه الوطني الثقافي الوحيد الموجود بجانب منظومة منتزه وطني. يحتل المنتزه مساحة 81.4 كم² بالقرب من الزوايا الأربعة ويضم أطلال منازل وقرى بناها شعوب الپويبلوان القديمة، ويطلق عليهم أحيانا الأناسازي. يوجد بالمنتزه أكثر من أربعة آلاف موقع أثري وأكثر من 600 منحدر صخري لشعوب الپويبلو.

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 الجغرافيا والمناخ

بيانات مناخ منتزه مـِسا ڤرده الوطني (1981−2010)
الشهر	يناير	فبراير	مارس	أبريل	مايو	يونيو	يوليو	أغسطس	سبتمبر	اكتوبر	نوفمبر	ديسمبر	العام
العظمى القياسية °ف (°س)	62 (16.7)	68 (20)	73 (22.8)	84 (28.9)	94 (34.4)	101 (38.3)	102 (38.9)	101 (38.3)	94 (34.4)	85 (29.4)	75 (23.9)	67 (19.4)	102 (38٫9)
العظمى المتوسطة °ف (°س)	39.6 (4.22)	42.6 (5.89)	49.7 (9.83)	58.4 (14.67)	68.8 (20.44)	80.0 (26.67)	85.3 (29.61)	82.4 (28)	74.7 (23.72)	62.2 (16.78)	49.1 (9.5)	39.7 (4.28)	61٫0 (16٫11)
الصغرى المتوسطة °ف (°س)	19.5 (-6.94)	22.8 (-5.11)	28.7 (-1.83)	34.0 (1.11)	42.6 (5.89)	51.0 (10.56)	57.4 (14.11)	56.2 (13.44)	48.9 (9.39)	37.8 (3.22)	28.0 (-2.22)	20.0 (-6.67)	37٫2 (2٫89)
الصغرى القياسية °ف (°س)	−20 (-28.9)	−15 (-26.1)	2 (-16.7)	4 (-15.6)	17 (-8.3)	27 (-2.8)	38 (3.3)	38 (3.3)	26 (-3.3)	10 (-12.2)	−3 (-19.4)	−15 (-26.1)	−20 (−28٫9)
هطول inches (mm)	1.77 (45)	1.63 (41.4)	1.71 (43.4)	1.30 (33)	1.04 (26.4)	0.53 (13.5)	1.64 (41.7)	2.29 (58.2)	1.87 (47.5)	1.69 (42.9)	1.57 (39.9)	1.54 (39.1)	18٫57 (471٫7)
سقوط الثلج inches (cm)	17.9 (45.5)	15.6 (39.6)	11.1 (28.2)	4.5 (11.4)	0.3 (0.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.6 (4.1)	8.2 (20.8)	14.4 (36.6)	73٫6 (186٫9)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	7.2	7.9	8.0	6.6	6.4	4.0	9.3	10.6	7.9	6.9	6.4	7.4	88٫6
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	6.5	6.6	5.7	2.6	0.3	0	0	0	0	0.9	3.2	5.9	31٫6

 التاريخ

 سكان مـِسا ڤرده

Overhead view of Square Tower House.

Section view of Kiva A in Mesa Verde's Fire Temple, cut from laser scan data collected by a CyArk/National Park Service partnership. Since Fire Temple was at least partially built to conform to the dimensions of the cliff alcove in which it was built, it is neither round in form nor truly subterranean like other structures generally defined as kivas.

 أشهر الأماكن

پويبلو	الصورة	التعليق
Balcony House		Set on a high ledge facing east, Balcony House with 45 rooms and 2 kivas, would have been cold for its residents in the winter. The modern visitor enters by climbing a 32-foot ladder and a crawling through a 12-foot tunnel. The exit, a series of toe-holds in a cleft of the cliff, was believed to be the only entry and exit route for the cliff dwellers, which made the small village easy to defend and secure. One log was dated at AD 1278 so it was likely built not long before the Mesa Verde people migrated out of the area.:225–226:55–56 It was officially excavated by Jesse Nusbaum, one of the first Superintendents of Mesa Verde National Park, in 1910. Visitors can enter Balcony House through ranger-guided tours. This photo is of Emmett Harryson, a Navajo, at a T-shaped doorway at Balcony House (1929).
Cliff Palace		This multi-storied ruin, the largest and best-known of the cliff dwellings in Mesa Verde, is located in the largest cave in the center of the Great Mesa. It was south- and southwest-facing, providing greater warmth from the sun in the winter. The site had 200 rooms, including storage rooms, open courts, walkways, and 23 kivas. Dating back more than 700 years, the dwelling is constructed of sandstone, wooden beams, and mortar. Many of the rooms were brightly painted.:51:3, 29, 31, 37
Long House		Located on the Wetherill Mesa, Long House is the second-largest village, for about 150 people. The location was excavated as part of the Wetherhill Mesa Archaeological Project during the years 1959 through 1961. The 150 rooms are not clustered like the standard cliff dwellings, and they are not one of the most elegant set of buildings. Stones were used without shaping for fit and stability. Two overhead ledges contain more rooms. One ledge seems to include an overlook with small holes in the wall to see the rest of the village below. A spring is accessible within several hundred feet and seeps are located in the rear of the village.:57Long Houses were structures designed to expand as needed to hold large extended families.
Mesa Verde Reservoirs		These ancient reservoirs, built by the Ancient Puebloans,:43 on September 26, 2004, became a National Civil Engineering Historic Landmark.
Mug House		This ruin situated on Wetherill Mesa contains 94 rooms, a large kiva, and a nearby reservoir. It received its name from four mugs the Charles Mason and the Wetherill brothers found strung together on a string.:59 This ceremonial structure has a keyhole shape, due to a recess behind the fireplace and a deflector, that is considered an element of the Mesa Verde style. The rooms clustered around the kiva formed part of the courtyard, indicating the kiva would have been roofed.
Oak Tree House		Oak Tree House and neighboring Fire Temple can be visited via a 2-hour ranger-guided hike.
Spruce Tree House		Spruce Tree House is the third-largest village, within several hundred feet of a spring, and had 130 rooms and eight kivas. It was constructed sometime between AD 1211 and 1278. It is believed anywhere from 60 to 80 people lived there at one time. Because of its protective location, it is well preserved.:52 The short trail to Spruce House begins at the Chapin Mesa Archeological Museum.
Square Tower House		The Square Tower House is one of the stops on the Mesa Top Loop Road driving tour. The tower that gives this site its name is the tallest structure in Mesa Verde. This cliff dwelling was occupied between AD 1200 and 1300. Square Tower House was the tallest man-made structure in the United States of America until mid 1800s.

 الاكتشاف

 المستكشفون الإسپان

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 گوستاڤ نوردنسكيولد

The Cliff Palace in 1891, photo by Gustaf Nordenskiöld.

 المنتزه الوطني

 إعلانه منتزه وطني

J. Walter Fewkes at Mesa Verde cliff dwellings, circa 1910.

 خدمات المنتزه

Park Ranger giving a tour at Mesa Verde National Park

 معرض الصور

صور أخرى من مـِسا ڤرده

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  The Cliff Palace today

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  Round tower, Cliff Palace. Photo by Ansel Adams, 1941

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  Mesa Verde from a northern view, May, 2007

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  Photo of a modern visitor next to the hand holds used to reach the mesa top by the original inhabitants of Cliff Palace

مسح ضوئي بالليزر

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  Plan of entire Spruce Tree House from above, cut from a laser scan

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  Laser scan section of the four-story Square Tower House

 انظر أيضاً

مـِسا ڤرده

• Mesa Verde Wilderness
• Ute Mountain Tribal Park in Mesa Verde
• Yucca House National Monument تحت ادارة منتزه مـِسا ڤرده

Other neighboring Ancient Pueblo sites in Colorado

• Anasazi Heritage Center
• Canyons of the Ancients National Monument
• Crow Canyon Archaeological Center
• Hovenweep National Monument

Other cultures in the Four Corners region

• Trail of the Ancients
• List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples

Early American cultures

• قائمة مواقع قبل التاريخ في كولورادو
• Ancient Pueblo Peoples
• Oasisamerica cultures
• Paleo-Indians

 الهوامش

الهوامش

المراجع

34. Snow, Dean R. "Chapter 6." Archaeology of Native North America. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.

 قراءات إضافية

• Richard West Sellars, A Very Large Array: Early Federal Historic Preservation--The Antiquities Act, Mesa Verde, and the National Park Service Act (background and legislative history) published by the University of New Mexico School of Law, 2007.
• Fewkes, J. Walter for the United States Department of the Interior. (1910). Reports of the Department of the Interior - 1909 - Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
• Noble, David Grant. (1995). Ancient Ruins of the Southwest. Flagstaff, Arizona: Northland Publishing. ISBN 0-87358-530-5
• Nordenskiöld, Gustaf. (1893). Ruiner af Klippboningar I Mesa Verde's Cañons. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner.
• Nordenskiöld, Gustaf. (1893) The Cliff Dwellings of the Mesa Verde, Chicago: P.A. Norstedt & Söner.
• Oppelt, Norman T. (1989) Guide to Prehistoric Ruins of the Southwest. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing. ISBN 0-87108-783-9.

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 وصلات خارجية

• Mesa Verde National Park (National Park Service)
• Mesa Verde National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
• Mesa Verde Digital Media Archive (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data on Spruce Tree House, Fire Temple, and Square Tower House from a National Park Service/CyArk research partnership
• Mesa Verde National Park travel guide from Wikivoyage