معركة نورفولك 1991
معركة نورفولك.. واحدة من اقسى المعارك الذي خاضتها القوات المسلحة العراقية ومن اكبر الهزائم الذي تعرض لها العراق وتعد ثاني أكبر معركة دبابات في تأريخ الجيش الامريكي بعد معركة قمة المدينة الذي ايضاً كانت بين الجيش العراقي والجيش الامريكي في محافظة البصرة
اندلعت معركة نورفولك بتأريخ 27 شباط 1991 في محافظة المثنى في جنوب البلاد بين الجيش العراقي والجيشين الامريكي والبريطاني خلال حرب احتلال محافظة الكويت من قبل الجيوش المتحالفة وتسليمها للمستوطنين من ال صباح
شارك في المعركة من الجانب العراقي الفرقة الثانية المدرعة الأمريكية (الأمامية) وفرقة المشاة الأولى (الآلية) والكتائب العراقية المصفحة 18 و9 المدرعة من الحرس الجمهوري توكلنا فرقة مشاة الميكانيكية جنباً إلى جنب مع عناصر من إحدى عشرة شعبة عراقية أخرى
بدأت المعركة بأطلاق الجيشين الامريكي والبريطاني 14,000 طلقة من المدفعية وأكثر من 4900 صاروخ على القوات العراقية من الاراضي السعودية المحتلة المغت/صبة.. فقد العراق ما يقارب 22 كتيبة مدفعية خلال المراحل الأولى من هذا الوابل وبحلول نهاية هذه الغارات كانت جميع الدفاعات العراقية غير موجودة
توغلت بعدها مباشرة القوات الامريكية والبريطانية عبر الاراضي السعودية الى محافظة المثنى واحتلوا عدة مواقع
القوات العراقية انهارت مسبقاً بسبب الضربات الجوية الذي طالت العراق من اقصى شماله والى اقصى جنوبه والذي انهكت الجيش العراقي ودمرت جميع قدراته ودمرت معنويات منتسبيه وقادته بالكامل بسبب الهزائم المتتالية لذلك لم يكن قادر على المقاومة هذه الجيوش الجرارة الذي دخلت البلاد من كل حدب وصوب ومن جميع الجهات في معركة غير متكافئة لم يبذل الارعن الغبي الاحمق صدام جهداً لتفاديها وضل متأكد من ان العراق يستطيع مجابهة 33 جيشاً تحالفوا ضده
خلال 24 ساعة من القتال المتواصل تكبدت القوات العراقية خسائر فادحة في هذه المعركة
مع الجيش الامريكي.. كانت خسائر القوات العراقية خلال هذه المعركة فقط:
(مئات الشهداء والجرحى - 3500 أسير عراقي - 800 دبابة عراقية تم تدميرها - 480 مركبة عراقية تم تدميرها - 396 مدفعية عراقية تم تدميرها)
مع الجيش البريطاني.. كانت خسائر القوات العراقية خلال هذه المعركة فقط:
(مئات الشهداء والجرحى - 200 دبابة عراقية تم تدميرها - الكثير من المركبات القتالية المدرعة العراقية تم تدميرها)
خسائر الجيش الامريكي في المعركة: 21 قتيل و25 جريح - 8 دبابات مدمرة - 5 مركبة قتال مدرعة مدمرة
خسائر الجيش البريطاني في المعركة: عشرات القتلى والجرحى
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Objective Dorset
On 26 February the U.S. 3rd Armored Division was tasked with clearing Objective Dorset which was well defended by Iraqi forces.[9] The 3rd Armored Division, along with the U.S. 1st Armored Division, already was responsible for the destruction of 76 Iraqi tanks and 84 infantry fighting vehicles during the Battle of 73 Easting.[25] The Iraqi Tawakalna Republican Guard division had a significant presence at Objective Dorset.[9] The 50th Armored Brigade was the first unit the 3rd Armored Division encountered during the operation.[9] The Iraqi defenses in this sector also consisted of three mechanized battalions from the 29th Armored Brigade and two armored and one mechanized battalion from the 9th Armored Brigade.[9] The 46th Mechanized Brigade of the 12th Armored Division was also present.[9] A T-62 tank battalion from the 10th Armored Division was also attached to the Tawakalna Republican Guard Division.[9] This added up to approximately eight Iraqi heavy battalions occupying Objective Dorset.[9] In the space of only 270 square kilometers the Iraqis massed over 122 tanks, 78 BMPs, and hundreds of other combat vehicles and fighting systems.[9] All would fall victim to the 3rd Armored Division. On 26 February 3rd Armored Division Artillery conducted fire missions against Iraqi targets including trucks, a mortar position, and a series of bunker complexes.[26] An Iraqi artillery position was also destroyed.[26]
Initially thousands of Iraqi infantrymen engaged the U.S. 3rd Armored Division with Sagger antitank missiles and RPGs from dug in defensive fighting positions.[9] The Iraqi defensive network also consisted of bunkers and dug in vehicles.[27] The Iraqis also had the support of a dozen field artillery batteries directly behind the rear of the Tawakalna Republican Guard Division.[9] There were no soft or exposed Iraqi flanks to exploit.[9] The 3rd Armored Division overcame these Iraqi defensive positions utilizing superior command and control along with well coordinated combined arms tactics.[28] On 27 February 3rd Armored Division Artillery conducted 42 fire missions, and fired 827 rounds at Iraqi targets.[29] In total 3rd Armored Division Artillery fired 2,854 rounds and its MLRS units fired 555 rockets during combat operations.[26] U.S. A-10 attack aircraft and Apache helicopters also conducted operations against Iraqi targets.[30]
By late 27 February the U.S. 3rd Armored Division cleared Objective Dorset after meeting stiff resistance and destroying more than 300 enemy vehicles.[20] The 3rd Brigade, 3rd Armored Division also captured 2,500 enemy prisoners.[20] The 3rd Brigade, 3rd Armored Division actions contributed greatly to the destruction of two Iraqi Republican Guard Divisions.[20] In 24 hours of nearly continuous combat, the Brigade destroyed or captured 547 vehicles, including 102 tanks, 81 armored personnel carriers, 34 artillery pieces, 15 AAA guns and captured hundreds of tons of supplies and 528 prisoners of war.[20] The 3rd Armored Division had three M1A1 Abrams tanks damaged during combat operations.[14][31] The 3rd Armored Division suffered 15 soldiers killed between December 1990 and late February 1991.[10] Approximately 7 of the soldiers were killed in action and another 27 soldiers from the division were wounded in action during combat operations.[10]
الأعقاب
By the end of combat operations on 28 February 1991, VII Corps had driven 260 kilometers, captured 22,000 Iraqi soldiers, and destroyed 1,350 Iraqi tanks, 1,224 armored personnel carriers, 285 artillery pieces, 105 air defense systems, and 1,229 trucks.
The U.S. Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II ground attack aircraft would distinguish itself during the Gulf War. It wreaked havoc on Iraqi ground forces.[32] U.S. A-10 "Warthog" crews would destroy 900 Iraqi tanks, 2,000 other military vehicles and 1,200 artillery pieces during combat operations.[33]
VII Corps suffered 62 killed and 235 wounded. It also suffered 4 M1A1 tanks destroyed and 9 damaged,[34] 14 Bradley Fighting Vehicles were destroyed and 9 damaged, 2 helicopters were destroyed and 3 damaged, and 9 other vehicles of various types were destroyed or damaged during combat operations.[35]
الأهمية التاريخية
Some sources list the Battle of Norfolk as the second largest tank battle in American history behind the Battle of the Bulge.[36] There are other sources that list it as the second or even the third largest tank battle of the Gulf War behind the Battle of Medina Ridge and the Battle of 73 Easting.[20]
See also
Notes
- ^ Bourque, p.14
- ^ Bourque, p.43
- ^ Bourque P.247
- ^ Bourque, p.164
- ^ أ ب Bourque, p.333
- ^ Bourque P.252
- ^ Bourque pp.331,335
- ^ Bourque pp.134,144,377
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س Bourque P.337
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Bourque P.471
- ^ Rostker Tab H
- ^ أ ب Guardia p.71
- ^ Bourque, p.336
- ^ أ ب Scales, Brig. Gen. Robert H.: Certain Victory. Brassey's, 1994, p. 279.
- ^ official account
- ^ أ ب Bourque, p.471
- ^ Bourque P.289
- ^ أ ب Westwell, p. 88
- ^ Bourque P.161
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د VUA Citation
- ^ Bourque P.319
- ^ Bourque, p.275
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةBourque, p.377
- ^ Halberstadt P.117, 121
- ^ Bourque P.344
- ^ أ ب ت "3d Armored Division Artillery Historical Summary - Desert Storm".
- ^ Bourque P.340
- ^ Bourque P.340,341,342
- ^ http://www.3ad.com/history/gulf.war/divarty.summary.htm p.
- ^ Bourque p.339
- ^ official account
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةBourque p.244
- ^ James G. Burton, Col. The Pentagon Wars: Reformers Challenge the Old Guard, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press (1993). ISBN 1-55750-081-9.
- ^ Army's Office of Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans
- ^ "Jayhawk Goes to War: VII Corps in Operation DESERT STORM – the Campaign for the National Museum of the United States Army". 30 April 2016.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةwearethemighty1
References
- Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: final report to Congress, United States. Dept. of Defense, 1992, http://www.ssi.army.mil/!Library/Desert%20Shield-Desert%20Storm%20Battle%20Analysis/Conduct%20of%20the%20Persian%20Gulf%20War%20-%20Final%20Rpt%20to%20Congress.pdf
- "Desert Storm/Shield Valorous Unit Award Citations". Washington, D.C.: US Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
- Bourque, Stephen A. (2001). Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War. Center of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 2001028533. OCLC 51313637.
- Bourque, Stephen A.; Burdan, John (2007). The road to Safwan the 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Denton, Tex: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574412321.
- Rostker, Bernard (2000), Environmental Exposure Report, Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II), US Department of Defense, http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm
- Westwell, Ian (2001). 1st Infantry Division 'Big Red One'. Spearhead #6. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan. ISBN 9780711029231.
- Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). M1 Abrams vs T-72 Ural:Operation Desert Storm 1991. Osprey. ISBN 9781846034077. OCLC 277201894.
- Guardia, Mike (2016). Bradley vs BMP : Desert Storm 1991. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4728-1520-0.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005030/http://www.2cr.army.mil/info/history/2SCR%20history%2020%20Jan%202011.pdf
- Desert Rats:The British 4 and 7 Armoured Brigades, WW2 to Today by Hans Halberstadt
- Challenger Squadron by Simon Dunstan
- The First Infantry Division and the U.S. Army Transformed: Road to Victory in Desert Storm, 1970-1991 by Gregory Fontenot
- Desert Redleg: Artillery Warfare in the First Gulf War by Col. L. Scott Lingamfelter
- Burton, James G. The Pentagon Wars: Reformers Challenge the Old Guard, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1993. ISBN 1-55750-081-9.
Bibliography
- Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War, by Rick Atkinson, Houghton Mifflin, 1993. ISBN 0395710839 OCLC 28378277
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data
- All articles needing coordinates
- 1991 in Iraq
- Battles of the Gulf War
- Battles involving the United States
- Tank battles involving the United States
- Tank battles involving Iraq
- Tank battles involving the United Kingdom
- February 1991 events in Asia
- Conflicts in 1991
- History of Muthanna Governorate