معركة بحر بسمارك

معركة بحر بسمارك
جزء من الحرب العالمية الثانية، حرب المحيط الهادئ
انتقال اليابانيون تحت وطأة الهجوم الجوية في بحر بسمارك، 3 مارس 1943.
التاريخ 2–4 مارس 1943 الموقع بحر بسمارك، في محيط لاي النتيجة انتصار الحلفاء
المتحاربون
الولايات المتحدة أستراليا	إمبراطورية اليابان
القادة والزعماء
إنس وايتهيد جو هويت	گونيچي ميكاوا ماساتومي كيمورا
القوى
39 قاذفة ثقيلة؛ 41 قاذفة متوسطة، 34 قاذفة خفيفة، 54 مقاتل 10 قارب طوربيد	8 مدمرات 8 قوات نقل، 100 طائرة
الضحايا والخسائر
2 قاذفة، 4 مقاتلة 13 قتيل	8 transports, 5 مقاتلة غرقت 20 مقاتلة دمرت 2,890+ قتيل

معركة بحر بسمارك (02-04 مارس 1943)، وقعت في جنوب غرب المحيط الهادئ (SWPA) خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. وخلال المعركة، هاجمت طائرات الولايات المتحدة القوات الجوية الخامسة وسلاح الجو الملكي الاسترالي قافلة يابانية كانت تحمل القوات إلى لاي، غينيا الجديدة. وقد تم تدمير معظمها، وكانت خسائر القوات اليابانية فادحة.

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 مقدمة

 الخطط اليابانية

A Mitsubishi A6M Zero, painted to represent a section leader’s aircraft from the Japanese aircraft carrier Zuihō during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea

 تكتيكات الحلفاء

Captain Robert L. Faurot of the 39th Fighter Squadron, seen here in front of his P-38 Lightning. He was shot down by Japanese fighters during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea.

 المعركة

Japanese ship movements (black) and Allied air attacks (red) during the battle

 الهجمات الأولى

Fifth Air Force bombs bracket the transport Taimei Maru

 هجمات أخرى

Pilot Flight Lieutenant Torchy Uren of No. 30 Squadron RAAF takes a drink from his water canteen while in the cockpit of his Beaufighter during the battle

Allied aircraft execute a low-level attack on a Japanese ship

A Japanese ship, Kenbu Maru, under attack

 نتائج المعركة

Summary of Japanese movements in eastern New Guinea, 1942–1944

 انظر أيضاً

• تشكيل معركة بحر بسمارك

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 المصادر

• Bergerud, Eric M. (2000). Fire in the Sky: The Air War in the South Pacific. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3869-7. OCLC 42002639. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Dexter, David (1961). The New Guinea Offensives. Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series 1 – Army – Volume Vol 6. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 2028994. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Drea, Edward J. (1992). MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942–1945. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0504-5. OCLC 23651196. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gamble, Bruce (2010). Fortress Rabaul: The Battle for the Southwest Pacific, January 1942 – April 1943. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2350-2. OCLC 437298983. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gillison, Douglas (1962). Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series 3 – Air – Volume Vol 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 2000369. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Griffith, Thomas E., Jr. (1998). MacArthur's Airman: General George C. Kenney and the War in the Southwest Pacific. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0909-1. OCLC 38885310. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hata, Ikuhiko; Izawa, Yasuho; Shores, Christopher (2011). Japanese Naval Air Force Fighter Units and Their Aces 1932–1945. London: Grub Street. ISBN 1-906502-84-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Haywood, O. G. Jr. (1954). "Military Decision and Game Theory". Journal of the Operations Research Society of America. Vol. 2 (No. 4): pp. 365–385. ISSN 0096-3984. JSTOR 166693. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Hayashi, Saburo (1959). Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps Association. OCLC 652388228. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Johnston, Mark (2011). Whispering Death: Australian Airmen in the Pacific War. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-901-3. OCLC 733607074. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kenney, George C. (1949). General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of the Pacific War (PDF). New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. ISBN 0-912799-44-7. OCLC 1227801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Kreis, John F., ed. (1996). Piercing the Fog: Intelligence and Army Air Forces Operations in World War II. Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 1-4102-1438-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McAulay, Lex (1991). Battle of the Bismarck Sea. New York: St Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-05820-9. OCLC 23082610. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McAulay, Lex (2008). Battle of the Bismarck Sea: 3 March 1943. Maryborough, Queensland: Banner Books. ISBN 978-1-875593-32-3. OCLC 271780681. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. Vol. 5. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-58305-7. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1950). Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. Vol. 6. Boston: Little Brown and Company. ISBN 0-7858-1307-1. OCLC 10310299. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001). A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00680-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Peters, Hans (2008). Game Theory: A Multi-Leveled Approach. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-69290-4. OCLC 804515280. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Odgers, George (1957). Air War Against Japan 1943–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series 3 – Air – Volume 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 1990609. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rodman, Matthew K. (2005). A War of Their Own: Bombers Over the Southwest Pacific (PDF). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University. ISBN 1-58566-135-X. Retrieved 20 February 2009. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tanaka, Kengoro (1980). Operations of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in the Papua New Guinea Theater During World War II. Tokyo: Japan Papua New Guinea Goodwill Society. OCLC 672906428. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Watson, Richard L. (1946). US Air Force Historical Study No. 113 – The Fifth Air Force in the Huon Peninsula Campaign (PDF). AAF Historical Office, Headquarters, US Army Air Forces. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2009. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Watson, Richard L. (1950). "The Battle of the Bismarck Sea". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (eds.). The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. IV. University of Chicago Press. pp. 129–162. OCLC 30194835. Archived from the original on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Watson, Richard L. (1950). "The Papuan Campaign". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (eds.). The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. IV. University of Chicago Press. pp. 129–162. OCLC 30194835. Archived from the original on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Willoughby, Charles A., ed. (1966). Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area. Reports of General MacArthur. Vol. II – Part I. Washington DC: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 643562232. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Yoshihara, Tsutomu (1955). Southern Cross: Account of the Eastern New Guinea Campaign. translation by Doris Heath. Tokyo: Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 15 January 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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 قراءات إضافية

• Arbon, J (1979). The Bismarck Sea Ran Red. Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Press. OCLC 7116275. "ASIN" B0006XMVUI.
• Birdsall, Steve (1977). Flying Buccaneers: The Illustrated Story of Kenney's Fifth Air Force. نيويورك: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-03218-8. OCLC 3001974.
• Henebry, John P. (2002). The Grim Reapers at Work in the Pacific Theater: The Third Attack Group of the U.S. Fifth Air Force. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 1-57510-093-2. OCLC 52569977.

 وصلات خارجية

• Bismarck Convoy Smashed! Incorporates film of the battle by Damien Parer.