مديرية هاريو

Harju County
Harju County
مديرية إستونية
	Flag Coat of arms
Country	إستونيا
العاصمة	تالين
الحكومة
• Governor	Ülle Rajasalu
المساحة
• الإجمالي	4٬333 كم² (1٬673 ميل²)
التعداد (2023)
• الإجمالي	638٬076
• الترتيب	الأولى
• الكثافة	147٫26/km2 (381٫4/sq mi)
Ethnicity
• إستون	59.34%
• روس	27.1%
• other	13.56%
ISO 3166 code	EE-37
GRP(nominal)	2021
- الإجمالي	€19.9 مليار يورو
- Per capita	€32,447
الموقع الإلكتروني	harju.maavalitsus.ee

مديرية هاريو (Harju County) في جمهورية إستونيا على الشاطئ الجنوبي لخليج فنلندا، تجاور مديرية لانى على حدودها الجنوبية الغربية ومديرية رابلا ومديرية يارفا إلى الجنوب ومديرية لانى-ڤيرو إلى الشرق. وعاصمة المديرية هي عاصمة الدولة تالين.^[4] مديرية هاريو هي أكبر مديريات إستونيا من حيث التعداد، إذ يقطنها نحو 45% من سكان الدولة.

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التاريخ

Toompea Castle in Tallinn. Its Latin name Castrum Danorum might refer to the origin of the names "Tallinn" and "Lindanise", meaning "Danish Town" or "Danish Castle".

The Flag of Denmark (Dannebrog) as falling from the sky during the Battle of Lindanise in 1219. It is now depicted on the coat of arms of both Tallinn and Harju County.

التاريخ القديم

The territory of modern Harju County consists mostly of two ancient Estonian counties: Revala, around what is now Tallinn, and Harjumaa, which was situated south of Revala and presently rests mostly in Rapla County. Lindanise, then a small trading post at the Gulf of Finland, served as the capital of Revala. It eventually grew into the mostly German-populated Hanseatic town of Reval and later into the Estonian capital, Tallinn.

الفتح

Russian Tsar Peter I started the construction of Kadriorg Palace near Tallinn and named it after his wife Catherine I (Catherinethal).

In 1219, the Danish King, Valdemar II, landed in Lindanise (Danish: Lyndanisse) and conquered both Revala and Harju counties, while the inhabitants were forced into Christianity. At the end of the Livonian Crusade (1208–1227 in Estonia), both counties were captured by the Order of the Sword Brothers until given back to Denmark with the Treaty of Stensby in 1238.

The Danes built the Toompea Castle (Castrum Danorum) on Toompea Hill in Tallinn, which quickly became the biggest settlement in Estonia. In 1248, it was the first settlement in Estonia to receive its town rights, and in 1285 it became the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League.

German dominance led to the St. George's Night Uprising, which broke out in 1343 with the burning of Padise Abbey in modern Padise Parish. The uprising led Denmark to sell its possessions in Northern Estonia to the Livonian Order. In 1561, after the outbreak of the Livonian War, the nobility of North Estonia and the Tallinn Town Council declared loyalty to Sweden. Tallinn and other Swedish-occupied territories gained during warfare were secured by the Treaty of Plyussa.

During the Great Northern War, Harju was one of the few regions in Estonia untouched by warfare for a long time.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} Nonetheless, Harju County was greatly affected by the 1710-1713 Plague that killed more than eighty percent of the county's population. Russian forces finally arrived in 1710 and laid siege to Tallinn for a month until the Swedish garrison surrendered, thus ending the Great Northern War in Estonia. Russian rule was secured with the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. The plague raged on for several years, eventually leaving several parts of the county completely empty of human habitation.

الحكم الروسي

"Port of Tallinn" by Alexey Bogolyubov in 1853

"Old Fish Market Near Tallinn" by Gregor von Bochmann

Imperial Russian rule started with the construction of naval harbours in Tallinn and Paldiski (Swedish: Rogerwiek). Russian Tsar Peter I visited Tallinn at least nine times between 1711 and1723. He personally opened the construction for Tallinn Naval Harbour in 1714 and Paldiski Naval Harbour in 1718.

In 1870, the Paldiski-Tallinn-St. Petersburg Railway was opened, after which several smaller settlements along the line - Paldiski, Keila, Saue, Nõmme, Aruküla, Raasiku, Kehra and Aegviidu (then in Viru County) - started to grow. Several elements of Peter the Great's Naval Fortress were built in Harju County and its headquarters were in Tallinn.

During World War I in 1914, the native population of Naissaar island was expelled from the island and it was turned into a military base. A narrow-gauge railway network was built on the island. Tallinn was the site for the very beginning of the October Revolution when the Estonian Bolshevik Jaan Anvelt took power in Tallinn on 5 November 1917, two days before the Revolution started in Petrograd. On 9 November 1917, the Bolsheviks took power from Governor Jaan Poska. After the coup, refusing to cooperate with the Estonian Soviet Executive Committee, the Estonian Provincial Assembly (Estonian: Maanõukogu) in Tallinn declared sovereignty from the Russian Empire on 28 November 1917. In December 1917, Russian sailors under the leadership of Stepan Maximovich Petrichenko declared the "Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar". They were ousted by German forces on 26 February 1918.

جمهورية إستونيا

The Republic of Estonia was proclaimed in Tallinn on 24 February 1918 while German occupation followed on the next day. German rule ended with the November Revolution in Germany. During the Estonian War of Independence, Soviet troops were halted only 40 km east of Tallinn by the end of 1918. Tallinn was the site of a failed Communist coup d'état attempt of 1924.

عصر الاحتلال

الاحتلال السوڤيتي

On 18 September 1939, after both Germany and the Soviet Union had invaded Poland, the Polish submarine ORP Orzeł escaped from internment in Tallinn Harbor during the Orzeł incident. The submarine eventually made her way to the United Kingdom, which led both the Soviet Union and Germany to question Estonia's neutrality. On 24 September 1939, Soviet Navy warships appeared in North Estonian waters and Soviet Air Force bombers patrolled above Tallinn and the nearby countryside.

The Soviet Union demanded that Estonia allow the Soviet military bases and stationed 25,000 troops on Estonian soil for the duration of the European war. On 28 September 1939, the government of Estonia accepted the ultimatum and signed the mutual assistance treaty. Paldiski was made a Soviet Naval Base and its population was expelled from the town. With its new military bases in Northern Estonia, the Soviet Union invaded Finland on 30 November 1939, starting the Winter War. During 1939–1940, most of the Baltic German population from Tallinn and the Harju County countryside fled to Germany (Umsiedlung).

On 14 June 1940, the Soviet Navy set up a naval blockade in the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea and stationed a navy squadron west of Naissaar island near Tallinn. Soviet bombers shot down the passenger airplane "Kaleva" near Keri island, killing all nine on board, which had included foreign diplomats.

On 16 June 1940, the Red Army invaded Estonia and organised a Soviet coup d'état in Tallinn. On 21 June 1940, the Independent Signal Battalion in Tallinn showed resistance to the Red Army, until it surrendered and was disarmed on the same day. The Soviet powers organised rigged parliamentary elections and the new parliament declared the Estonian SSR on 21 July 1940, which was annexed by the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940. Most county and municipal leaders were replaced and local assemblies were replaced with Soviets. The native population of Naissaar island was expelled from the island (as in 1914) as the island was turned into a military base. During the 1940–41 Soviet Occupation, thousands were executed, imprisoned, mobilised into the Red Army labour battalions or deported to Siberia on 14 June 1941 (June deportation).

حرب الصيف

Battles for Tallinn in August 1941

Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and Finland declared the Continuation War with the Soviet Union on 25 June 1941. As the Soviet Union retreated, its destruction battalions carried out the scorched-earth tactics. The Erna long-range reconnaissance group was sent from Finland to Northern Estonia on 10 July 1941 to perform reconnaissance of the retreating Red Army, but it eventually engaged the destruction battalions near Kautla forest (Battle of Kautla) on 31 July to 1 August 1941, allowing 2,000 civilians to flee.

German forces started its Tallinn Offensive on 19 August 1941, capturing Rapla on 21 August 1941. They reached Tallinn outskirts in Pirita on 24 August 1941 and Harku and Lasnamäe on 26 August 1941. Ordinary citizens were ordered to build defenses around Tallinn. Soviet forces started evacuating by sea on 24 August 1941. Of the 195 ships, that left Tallinn and Paldiski, 55 were sunk by mines near Juminda Peninsula, killing around 15,000 evacuees. Evacuating Soviet forces destroyed much of the infrastructure and industry around Tallinn. German forces captured Paldiski and Tallinn on 28 August 1941, shooting down the Soviet Flag on Tallinn Pikk Hermann Tower. Estonians replaced it with the Flag of Estonia, but it was replaced with the Flag of Germany the next day. German forces were greeted as liberators in Tallinn. It was also the first time since 1219 that Tallinn had been captured following a military engagement.

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الاحتلال الألماني

Northern Estonia was the site of several concentration camps and massacres. In September 1942, up to three thousand foreign Jews and Gypsies were executed at Kalevi-Liiva in Jõelähtme Parish, while the rest were sent to the small Jägala concentration camp nearby, that never had more than 200 prisoners as their lifespan was short. Klooga concentration camp in Keila Parish was mostly evacuated before the Soviet takeover, however, 2,000 prisoners were executed before the German retreat. The Red Army liberated the few survivors on 22 September 1944.

Tallinn was bombed by the Soviet Air Force on 9 and 10 March 1944, killing 757 people and destroying 8,000 buildings (about one-third of the capital). Among others, Harju Street, St. Nicholas' Church, and Estonia Theatre were hit. 36-38 Soviet bombers were shot down during the bombardment.

After the Red Army broke through the Tannenberg Line in Eastern Estonia and crossed the Emajõgi river near Tartu, it launched the Tallinn Offensive on 17 September 1944 when Adolf Hitler had agreed to start abandoning Estonia on 16 September 1944. The National Committee of the Republic of Estonia was formed in Tallinn in March 1944 and the last Prime Minister of Estonia Jüri Uluots organized a new government under Otto Tief on 18 September 1944, captured government offices in Tallinn on 20 September 1944, and put the Estonian flag on top of the Pikk Hermann Tower.

German forces started Operation Aster to evacuate its 50,000 soldiers and 20,000 civilians through Tallinn and Paldiski. On the way, the hospital ship "Moero" was attacked and sunk by the Soviet Air Force, killing 637 of its passengers. The retreating German forces avoided conflict with the Red Army in Tallinn and the invading army saw only little resistance by Estonian units led by Rear Admiral Johan Pitka. The Red Army entered Tallinn on 22 September and Paldiski on 24 September 1944.

Before the Soviet reoccupation in 1944, thousands fled to Sweden across the Baltic Sea, including the entire Estonian Swedish population, who had been settling also on Pakri islands in Harju County.

Second Soviet occupation

The Forest Brothers resistance movement was considered to be the weakest in Harju County, due to dense population, fewer forests and more Soviet military activity. New deportations followed in 1949. The Soviet era brought development of heavy industry, a massive influx of foreign workers from throughout the Soviet Union and construction of new districts (Maardu, Mustamäe, Väike-Õismäe and Lasnamäe) for Tallinn.

Hotel Viru in Tallinn was built in 1972 as the first modern highrise in Estonia. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing events were held in Tallinn. The event also brought major construction, such as the seaside road from Central Tallinn to Pirita, renovation projects in Tallinn Old Town and the iconic highrise Hotel Olümpia and Tallinn TV Tower.

In 1962, Paldiski became a Soviet Navy nuclear submarine training centre and had two land-based nuclear reactors with 16,000 employees. It was a closed town until the last Russian warship left in August 1994. Until then it was the last Russian military base in Estonia. Russia relinquished control of the nuclear reactor facilities in September 1995.

السكان

التعداد

On 31 December 2021, there were 614,567 people living permanently in Harju county, which is 11.2% more than at the same time ten years ago. Ethnic Estonians made up 60.57% (372,245), Russians 28.99% (178,169), Ukrainians 3.07% (18,886), Belarusians 1.22% (7,473), Finns 0.69% (4,226), Latvians 0.29% (1,812) and others 5.17% (31,756). [1]

الدين

Religion in Harju County (2021) [2]

Unaffiliated (67.8%)

Orthodox & Old Believers (20.0%)

Lutheran (6.7%)

Catholic (1.0%)

Others Christian (1.8%)

Muslim (0.9%)

Others Religion or Unknown (1.7%)

Religious affiliations in Harju County, census 2000–2021*^[5]
Religion	2000		2011		2021
Religion	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Christianity	134,164	30.5	143,555	31.2	149,990	29.5
—Orthodox Christians	71,674	16.3	91,829	20.0	101,410	20.0
—Lutherans	53,043	12.1	41,771	9.1	33,920	6.7
—Catholics	3,071	0.7	2,612	0.6	5,180	1.0
—Baptists	2,175	0.5	1,777	0.4	2,100	0.4
—Jehovah's Witnesses	1,766	0.4	1,778	0.3	1,730	0.3
—Pentecostals	989	0.2	757	0.1	1,030	0.2
—Old Believers	282	0.06	507	0.08	380	0.1
—Methodists	643	0.15	545	0.1	620	0.1
—Adventists	525	0.1	-	-	380	0.1
—Other Christians	-	-	1,980	0.4	3,240	0.6
Islam	929	0.2	1,034	0.2	4,620	0.9
Buddhism	-	-	-	-	1,170	0.2
Other religions**	3,544	0.8	1,572	0.3	6,640	1.3
No religion	172,813	39.4	226,975	49.4	275,480	54.2
Not stated***	127,491	20.0	88,026	19.1	69,230	13.6
Total population*	438,945		459,589		508,150
*The censuses of Estonia count the religious affiliations of the population older than 15 years of age.^[5]

الجغرافيا

North-Estonian Klint at Pakri Peninsula in Paldiski (24 m)

Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve in winter

Viru Bog, Kuusalu Parish, in Lahemaa National Park

Keri island, northernmost point of Harju County, and its lighthouse, was the first lighthouse to be powered by natural gas in the world in 1907.

Jägala Waterfall in winter

Harju County lies on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. Its shores are dominated by the North-Estonian coastal plain and the North-Estonian Klint separates the plain from Harju plateau in central and southern Harju County. The forested Kõrvemaa area is situated in eastern Harju County and the West-Estonian plain in western Harju County.

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الشريط الساحلي

The shoreline is mostly low, but is at some places close to the high North-Estonian Klint. The coastal cliff is the highest in Rannamõisa (35 m (115 ft)) and Türisalu (30 m (98 ft)) in Harku Parish, and in three points in Paldiski: Pakri Peninsula (24 m (79 ft)), Leetse (20 m (66 ft)) and Väike-Pakri island (13 m (43 ft)). There are also several long sand beaches, for example Kakumäe, Stroomi in Pelguranna, Pikakari in Paljassaare and Pirita along the shoreline and Lake Harku in Pikaliiva, all within Tallinn, and Kloogaranna and Kaberneeme in the countryside. The shoreline is also characterized by many peninsulas, such as Pakri, Lohusalu, Suurupi, Kakumäe, Kopli, Paljassaare, Viimsi, Ihasalu, Kaberneeme, Juminda and Pärispea.

الجزر

The shoreline is dotted with several islands, with the largest ones being Naissaar (18.6 km² (7.2 sq mi)), Väike-Pakri (12.9 km² (5.0 sq mi)), Suur-Pakri (11.6 km² (4.5 sq mi)), Prangli (6.4 km² (2.5 sq mi)), Aegna (2.9 km² (1.1 sq mi)) and Rammu (1.0 km² (0.39 sq mi)). All of the larger islands and several of the smaller islands have had a considerable historical population. Pakri Islands, Naissaar and Prangli even formed separate municipalities. Their population diminished during Soviet occupation, either gradually or by force. Today, Prangli (73 inhabitants) and Naissaar (three inhabitants) both consist of three villages within Viimsi Parish. Aegna (eight inhabitants) is a subdistrict in Kesklinn (central) district of Tallinn. Pakri islands (six inhabitants) are part of Paldiski. Koipsi and Rammu form uninhabited villages within Jõelähtme Parish.

البحيرات والأنهار

The largest lakes in Harju County are Lake Ülemiste (9.6 km² (3.7 sq mi)) and Lake Harku (1.6 km² (0.62 sq mi)) in Tallinn and Lake Kahala (3.5 km² (1.4 sq mi)) in Kuusalu Parish. The largest artificial lake is Paunküla Reservoir (4.1 km² (1.6 sq mi)) in Kose Parish. The longest rivers are the Keila River (107 km (66 mi) in total), Pirita River (105 km (65 mi)), Jägala River (97 km (60 mi)) and Valgejõgi River (85 km (53 mi)). The two largest permanently active waterfalls in Estonia, Jägala Waterfall (8 m (26 ft)) and Keila Waterfall (6 m (20 ft)), are situated on these rivers.

النقاط القصوى الجغرافية

Northernmost point: Keri island, Kelnase village, Viimsi Parish
- Mainland: Cape Purekkari, Pärispea village, Kuusalu Parish (Northernmost point of mainland Estonia)
Easternmost point: Kolgu village, Kuusalu Parish
Southernmost point: Aela village, Kose Parish
Westernmost point: Keibu village, Lääne-Harju Parish
Highest point: 102 m (335 ft) - Määrasmägi, Vetla village, Anija Parish
Lowest point: 0 m (sea level) - Baltic Sea

المحميات

Viru Bog, Lahemaa National Park, in winter

There are a number of protected areas in Harju County. Lahemaa National Park was the first national park in the Soviet Union, when it was created in 1971. The park was intended for the protection of the natural and cultural heritage of the coastal landscapes of Northern Estonia. There are 21 nature reserves and 25 landscape protection areas, that are at least partly situated in Harju County. The largest is the Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve in Kuusalu Parish and Anija Parish.

النقل

الطرق السريعة

E20 near Jägala, Jõelähtme Parish.

The Harju County highway system is determined by roads leading out from Tallinn.

Invalid type: N / Invalid type: E runs from Tallinn to Lääne-Viru County towards Narva. Expressway for 80 km out of Tallinn.
Invalid type: N / Invalid type: E runs from Tallinn to Järva County towards Tartu. Expressway for 26 km out of Tallinn.
Invalid type: N / Invalid type: E runs from Tallinn to Rapla County towards Pärnu. Expressway for 14 km out of Tallinn.
Invalid type: N / Invalid type: E runs from Tallinn to Paldiski via Keila.
Invalid type: Nruns from Ääsmäe, Saue Parish to Lääne County towards Haapsalu.
Invalid type: N / Invalid type: E runs from Lasnamäe to Keila and forms the Tallinn ring road.

السكك الحديدية

Stadler Flirt in Keila station.

Paldiski-Tallinn-St Petersburg line was opened as the first line in Estonia in 1870. Today, Elron operates both commuter rail in Harju County and inter-city rail from Tallinn. Important lines include Tallinn-Narva/Tartu through Kehra and Aegviidu, Tallinn-Pärnu/Viljandi through Saku and Tallinn-Paldiski through Saue and Keila. Tallinn-Riisipere line used to be extended to Haapsalu. The Rail Baltic Tallinn-Riga-Warsaw line is estimated to be operational in 2024.

Tallinn Passenger Port

الجو

Harju County and Estonia are serviced by Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport, which is open to both domestic and international flights. The Tallinn Linnahall Heliport offers international flights to Helsinki, Finland.

الموانئ

First ship at the Muuga Harbour's Coal Terminal in Maardu

Tallinn Passenger Port or the Old City Harbour served 8.84 million passengers in 2012 on lines to Helsinki, Stockholm and St. Petersburg. Transport to Kelnase Harbour on Prangli Island is provided from Leppneeme Harbour in Viimsi Parish and to Naissaar Island from Tallinn Lennusadam Harbour. Seasonal transport to Aegna Island is provided from Tallinn Kalasadam Harbour.

The biggest cargo port is Muuga Harbour in Maardu and Viimsi Parish. Other large ports include Paldiski North Harbour and Paldiski South Harbour, Miiduranna Harbour in Viimsi Parish and Bekkeri-Meeruse Port, Hundipea Harbour, Lennusadama Harbour, Paljassaare Harbour, Patarei Harbour, Peetri Harbour and Vene-Balti Port in Tallinn.

الإعلام

The official newspaper of Harju County is Harju Elu.

حكومة المديرية

The County Government (الإستونية: [Maavalitsus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is led by a governor (الإستونية: [maavanem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), who is appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Since 2009 the Governor position has been held by Ülle Rajasalu.^[1]

Harju County received municipal functions on 30 March 1917. Members of the Harju County Council were elected by the delegates of county municipalities and the first meeting was held on 1 July 1917 in Tallinn's Toompea Castle. Johannes Reinthal won the election for the Chair of the Council. The language of the proceedings was decided to be Estonian.

Harju County Government became the Executive Committee of Harju County Soviet in January 1941. The County Government was restored during the German occupation from autumn 1941 until autumn 1944. In 1950, the Executive Committee of Harju County Soviet became the Executive Committee of Harju District Labour Soviet. The Harju County Government was re-formed in 1990. The Chairs of Harju County Councils, the Heads of County Governments and the County Governors:

1917–1920 Johannes Reinthal
1920–1922 Oskar Suursööt
1922–1927 Martin Kruusimaa (Krusemann)
1927–1936 Rudolf Kuris
1936–1940 Karl Robert Ruus
1940–1941 Gustav Abel
1940; 1941–1944 Paul Männik
1990–1991 Anti Oidsalu
1991–1994 Mati Zernand
1994–1999 Mait Kornet
1999–2004 Orm Valtson
2005–2006 Jaan Mark
2006–2009 Värner Lootsmann
2009–present Ülle Rajasalu

المستوطنات

Harju County has seven settlements with town status: Tallinn, Maardu, Keila, Saue, Paldiski, Kehra and Loksa. All but Kehra are municipal towns, the latter being part of the parish of Anija Parish since 2002. There are also two boroughs: Kiili and Aegviidu, of which Aegviidu (Aegviidu Parish) is one of the five municipal boroughs of Estonia. There are also 31 small boroughs in Harju County. There are plans to give a town status to Haabneeme in Viimsi Parish and Peetri in Rae Parish.^[6]

Tallinn

Rank	Settlement	Municipality	Population (2022)^[7]
1	Tallinn	Tallinn	437,817
2	Maardu	Maardu	16,170
3	Keila	Keila	10,499
4	Haabneeme	Viimsi Parish	7,265
5	Peetri	Rae Parish	6,352
6	Laagri	Saue Parish	6,117
7	Saue	Saue	5,826
8	Saku	Saku Parish	4,706
9	Paldiski	Paldiski	3,719
10	Jüri	Rae Parish	3,718

البلديات

Harju County is subdivided into 16 municipalities, of which 4 are urban (الإستونية: [linnad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) — cities or towns) and 12 are rural (الإستونية: [vallad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) — parishes).

Municipalities in Harju County

Rank	Municipality	Type	Population (2018)^[8]	Area km²^[8]	Density^[8]
1	Anija Parish	Rural	6,280	533	11.8
2	Harku Parish	Rural	14,356	159	90.3
3	Jõelähtme Parish	Rural	6,424	211	30.4
4	Keila City	Urban	9,956	11	905.1
5	Kiili Parish	Rural	5,302	100	53.0
6	Kose Parish	Rural	7,196	533	13.5
7	Kuusalu Parish	Rural	6,547	708	9.2
8	Loksa	Urban	2,663	4	665.8
9	Lääne-Harju Parish	Rural	12,881	644	20.0
10	Maardu	Urban	15,722	23	683.6
11	Raasiku Parish	Rural	5,050	159	31.8
12	Rae Parish	Rural	17,968	207	86.8
13	Saku Parish	Rural	9,864	171	57.7
14	Saue Parish	Rural	21,711	615	35.3
15	Tallinn	Urban	448,758	158	2,840.2
16	Viimsi Parish	Rural	19,784	73	271.0