كلوسيوم
كلوسيوم (Clusium ؛ باليونانية: Κλύσιον؛ Klýsion، أو Κλούσιον؛ Kloúsion؛[1] بالأومبرية: Camars) كانت مدينة قديمة في إيطاليا، وواحدة من عدة مدن وُجـِدَت في الموقع. البلدية الحالية تشيوسي (توسكانيا) تتراكب جزئياً مع هذه المدينة المسورة. المدينة الرومانية التي كانت إتروسكية مبكرة معاد نمذجتها، Clevsin، وُجـِدت في أرض ثقافة قبل التاريخ، والتي ربما كانت أيضاً إتروسكية أو إتروسكية أولية. الموقع متواجد في شمال إيطاليا الوسطى على السفح الغربي للأپنين.[2]
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التاريخ
By the time it appears in Livy's History, it is already a major Etruscan city being petitioned for assistance against the republican partisans of ancient Rome. About its life prior to that time, Livy only makes a brief statement that it was once called Camars.[3]
Different theories exist of the city's origin. Villanovan pottery has been found at Chiusi. One common type is a cinerary urn dating to the 8th century BC. These urns are in the shape of wattle-and-daub huts with thatched roofs, presumably the homes of the deceased.[4] This style of architecture is so different from classical Etruscan that many Etruscologists have denied a continuity. On the other hand, it is clear that the people of the region received a strong impetus from Greek colonies such as Cumae and from Greek immigration.
The minority theory is currently the Proto-Italic. In this theory, Etruscans from the coast or from the Aegean resettled and renamed an Umbrian city called Camars, which the exponents believe means "marshland" in Italic. On enclosing the city with a wall they changed the name to "enclosure", using an Etruscanized form, Clevsin, of the perfect passive participle, clusus, of Latin cludere, "to close".
Clevsin and Camars are more comfortable in their Etruscan milieu as Etruscan words. The limited known Etruscan vocabulary includes camthi, the name of a magistracy, which might be segmented cam-thi, where –thi is a known locative ending. Ar, -arasi, -aras are plural endings of different cases. A cleva is an offering. S and -isi are genitive and dative endings. A place of magistracies or offerings is entirely harmonious with Etruscan culture and the uses of a regional capital city.[5] The final resolution of the question waits for more evidence.
It is believed that Clusium joined the Etruscan League of twelve cities in the 600s BC, to defend against the Roman king Tarquinius Priscus.[6]
Lars Porsena was king of Clusium in 508 BC. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, formerly king of Rome, had been expelled along with his family from Rome in 509 BC. He had sought to regain the throne, firstly by the Tarquinian conspiracy and secondly by force of arms. Both attempts had been unsuccessful, the conspiracy having been discovered, and Tarquin's army having been defeated at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
Tarquin convinced Lars Porsena to lead his army against Rome. The war between Clusium and Rome followed, during which Porsena besieged Rome. The siege and the war ended with a peace treaty, by which Porsena received hostages from Rome and returned to Veii lands that had previously been taken by Rome. In 507 BC Rome's hostages and lands were restored, and peace between Rome and Porsena was cemented. Tarquinius was not restored to the Roman throne.[7]
In 508 BC, after the siege of Rome, Porsena split his forces and sent part of the Clusian army with his son Aruns to besiege the Latin city of Aricia. The Clusians besieged Aricia; however the Aricians sent for assistance from the Latin League and from Cumae, and the Clusian army was defeated in battle.[8]
Pliny the Elder wrote that a magnificent tomb was built for Porsena; a large mausoleum surrounded by cascades of pyramids over a labyrinth of underground chambers in which an intruder could get lost. Pliny never saw this tomb, so his description was based on a report from Varro and perhaps a conflated comparison to the Minoan labyrinths he describes before this tomb. Large-size tumuli of the late archaic period were built at Chiusi, and modern scholars have tried to associate these (especially Poggio Gaiella) with the legendary tomb of Porsena.[9]
In the early 4th century BC (391 BC according to Varronian chronology) it was besieged by Gauls, and the Clusines called upon Rome to intermediate. However, in the following negotiations, one of the Roman delegates, of the gens Fabia, killed a Gallic leader. When the Romans refused to hand over the Fabii and in fact appointed two members of the family as consuls for the next year, the enraged Gauls broke up their siege and under the leadership of Brennus they marched onto and subsequently sacked Rome.
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ پوليبيوس، Histories, 2:25:2
- ^ George Dennis (1848). The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria. John Murray. pp. 327–.
- ^ Liv. 10.25.11.2 http://latin.packhum.org/loc/914/1/508/1773-1779
- ^ Louise Adams Holland (1925). The Faliscans in prehistoric times. American Academy in Rome.
- ^ Luisa Banti (1973). Etruscan Cities and Their Culture. University of California Press. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-0-520-01910-2.
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ashby, Thomas (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 6 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 570–571.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.9-15
- ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.14
- ^ William M. Gaugler (January 2002). The Tomb of Lars Porsenna at Clusium and Its Religious and Political Implications. Laureate Press. ISBN 978-1-884528-25-5.
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