فرانك نوريس

إذا كنت تريد الأسقف الأنگليكاني، انظر فرانك نوريس (أسقف). إذا كنت تريد آخرون باسم نوريس، انظر نوريس (توضيح).
فرانك نوريس
پورتريه لنوريس، رسم أرنولد گنث.
پورتريه لنوريس، رسم أرنولد گنث.
وُلِدبنجامين فرانكلين نوريس، الأصغر
(1870-03-05)مارس 5, 1870
شيكاغو، إلينوني
توفيأكتوبر 25, 1902(1902-10-25) (aged 32)
سان فرانسسكو، كاليفورنيا
الاسم الأدبيجستين ستروگيس
الوظيفةكاتب
العرقأمريكي
الجامعة الأمجامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي
أبرز الأعمالMcTeague, الأخطبوط: قصة كاليفورنيا
الزوججانيت بلاك

بنجامين فرانكلين نوريس، الأصغر (و. 5 مارس 1870 - 25 أكتوبر 1902)، هو صحفي وروائي أمريكي أثناء الفترة التقدمية وكان يستخدم بصفة عامة الأسلوب الطبيعي في الأدب.[1][2][3][4][5] من أشهر أعماله McTeague (1899), الأخطبوط: قصة كاليفورنيا (1901)، والحفرة (1903).

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حياته

وُلد فرانك نوريس في شيكاغو، إلينوي عام 1870.[6] والده، بنجامين، كان رجال أمال من شيكاغو، ووالدته گرترود گلورڤينا دوگت، كانت تعمل في المسرح. أثناء 1884 انتقلت عائلته إلى سان فرانسسكو حيث حصل بنجامين على عمل مختص بالعقارات. أثناء 1887، ذهب أكاديمية جوليان في باريس حيث درس الرسم لسنتين وتعرف على الروايات الطبيعية لإميلا زولا.[7][8] بين 1890 و1894 التحق بجامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي حيث تعلم أفكار التطور البشري لداروين وسپنسر التي قدمها في كتاباته اللاحقة. نُشرت أول قصصه في مجلة الخريجيين ببركلي وفي سان فرانسسكو ويڤ. بعد طلاق والديه ذهب للشرق وقضى سنة في قسم اللغة الإنگليزية بجامعة هارڤرد. تعرف هناك على لويس إ. گيتس، الذي شجعه على الكتابة. عمل كمراسل إخباري في جنوب أفريقيا (1895–96) لسان فرانسسكو كرونيكل، ثم مساعد رئيس تحرير لصحيفة سان فرانسسكو ويڤ (1896–97). عمل في مكلة مكلور كمراسل حربي في كوبا أثناء الحرب الأمريكية الإسپانية 1898. التحق بشركة دوبلداي آند پيدج للنشر بمدينة نيويورك أثناء عام 1899.

عندما كان في جامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي، كاننوريس شقيق أخوية في گاما دلتا[9][10][11] وكان مبادر في جمعية سكل آند كيز.[12] بسبب اشتراكه في مزحة أثناء اختبارات اليوم الدراسي عام 1893، أصبح العشاء السنوي للخريجين والذي تعقده في گاما دلتا سنوياً يحمل اسمه.[13] في عام 1900 تزوج نوريس من جانيت بلاك. أنجبا طفلاً عام 1901. توفى نوريس في 25 أكتوبر 1902، بعد إصابته بالتهاب الصفاق جراء انفجار الزائدة الدودية في سان فرانسسكو.[14][15] وقد توفى قبل أن يكمل ثلاثية ملحمة القمح.[16] عندها كان لم يتعدى الثانية والثلاثين من عمره. دُفن في مقبرة ماونتين ڤيو في اوكلاند، كاليفورنيا.


فرانك نوريس.

تشارلز گيلمان نوريس، الشقيق الأصغر للمؤلف، أصبح روائي وكاتب شهير. ت.گ. نوريس هو أيضاً زوج الروائية الشهيرة كاثلين نوريس. مكتبة بانكروفت بجامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي، تضم أرشيفات عن الكتاب الثلاثة.


حياته العملية

معاداة السامية

ذكراه

پورتريه للويس، رسم إرنست پيكسوتو.


أعماله

الأدبية

  • (1892). Yvernelle. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.
  • (1898). Moran of the "Lady Letty": A Story of Adventure Off the California Coast. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co.
  • (1899). McTeague: A Story of San Francisco. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co.
  • (1899). Blix. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co.
  • (1900). A Man's Woman. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co.
  • (1901). الأخطبوط: قصة كاليفورنيا. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
  • (1903). الحفرة: قصة شيكاغو. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
  • (1903). صفقة في القمح وقصص أخرى من الغرب الجديد والقديم. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.
  • (1906). A Joyous Miracle. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.
  • (1909). الدائرة الثالثة. New York: John Lane Company.
  • (1914). Vandover and the Brute. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.[17]
  • (1931). Frank Norris of "The Wave." Stories & Sketches From the San Francisco Weekly, 1893 to 1897. San Francisco: The Westgate Press.
  • (1998). أفضل القصص القصيرة لفرانك نوريس. New York: Ironweed Press Inc.

قصص قصيرة

غير أدبية

  • (1903). The Responsibilities of the Novelist. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.
  • (1986). Frank Norris: Collected Letters. San Francisco: The Book Club of California.
  • (1996). The Apprenticeship Writings of Frank Norris 1896–1898. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

مقالات مختارة

ترجمات

  • "Fifi," by Léon Faran, The Wave, Vol. XVI, No. 4, January 23, 1897.
  • "Not Guilty," by Marcel l'Heureux, The Wave, Vol. XVI, No. 25, June 19, 1897.
  • "Story of a Wall," by Pierre Loti, The Wave, Vol. XVI, No. 35, August 28, 1897.
  • "An Elopement," by Ferdinand Bloch, The Wave, Vol. XVI, No. 52, December 25, 1897.

أعمال مختارة

  • The Complete Works of Frank Norris. New York: P.F. Collier Sons Publishers, 1898–1903 (4 Vols.)
  • Complete Works of Frank Norris. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1903 (7 Vols.)
  • The Collected Works of Frank Norris. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1928 (10 Vols.)
  • Norris: Novels and Essays. New York: Library of America, 1986.

المصادر

  1. ^ Biencourt, Marius. Une Influence du Naturalisme Français en Amérique: Frank Norris, Giard, 1933.
  2. ^ Walcutt, Charles Child. American Literary Naturalism, a Divided Stream, University of Minnesota Press, 1956.
  3. ^ Chase, Richard Volney. "Norris and Naturalism." In The American Novel and its Tradition, Doubleday, 1957.
  4. ^ Pehowski, Marian Frances. Darwinism and the Naturalistic Novel: J. P. Jacobsen, Frank Norris and Shimazaki Tōson, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1973.
  5. ^ Civello, Paul. American Literary Naturalism and Its Twentieth-Century Transformations: Frank Norris, Ernest Hemingway, Don DeLillo, University of Georgia Press, 1994.
  6. ^ Bernbaum, Ernest (1903). "Frank Norris," The Harvard Monthly, Vol. 36, p. 57.
  7. ^ Åhnebrink, Lars. The Influence of Émile Zola on Frank Norris, Lundequistska Bokhandeln, 1947.
  8. ^ Hunt, Jonathan P. Naturalist Democracy: Literary and Political Representation in the Works of Frank Norris and Émile Zola, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1996.
  9. ^ Wood, William Allen (1902). "A Golden Bowl Broken," Phi Gamma Delta Magazine, Vol. XXV, pp. 157–163.
  10. ^ Chamberlin, William Fosdick. The History of Phi Gamma Delta, The Fraternity, 1926.
  11. ^ Everett, Wallace W. "Frank Norris in his Chapter," Phi Gamma Delta Magazine, Vol. LII, April 1930.
  12. ^ "Frank Norris Honored by Skull & Keys Society of California," The Phi Gamma Delta, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1912, p. 606.
  13. ^ Hathorn, Ralph L. (1915). "The Origin of the Pig Dinner," The Phi Gamma Delta, Vol. 38, pp. 424–427.
  14. ^ "Frank Norris, the novelist, died to-day as the result of an operation for appendicitis performed three days ago". — "Death of Frank Norris," The New York Times, October 26, 1902.
  15. ^ Cooper, Frederic Taber (1902). "Frank Norris," The Bookman, Vol. 16, pp. 334–335.
  16. ^ "Now it makes no difference when or where or how a writer stumbles upon the idea which is to serve as his central purpose. It may spring from his head at a moment's notice like Athena, full armored — as was the case with the late Frank Norris, who, as has often been told, came one morning to his publisher's office, pale and trembling all over with excitement, and gasping out, almost inarticulately, "I've got a big idea! A great big idea! The biggest idea ever!" It was the outlined scheme for his trilogy of the Epic of the Wheat — the trilogy which began with The Octopus and The Pit, and which poor Norris did not live to round out with The Wolf." — Cooper, Frederic Taber (1920). "The Author's Purpose." In: The Craftsmanship of Writing. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, pp. 84–85.
  17. ^ Wyatt, Edith. "Vandover and the Brute." In Great Companions, D. Appleton & Company, 1917.

قراءات إضافية

  • Åhnebrink, Lars (1961). The Beginnings of Naturalism in American Fiction: A Study of the Works of Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, and Frank Norris. New York: Russell & Russell .
  • Anderson, Grace E. (1933). A Dictionary of Characters in the Novels of Frank Norris. University of Kansas.
  • Armes, William Dallam (1902). "Concerning the Work of the Late Frank Norris," Sunset, Vol. X, pp. 165–167.
  • Bechter, Leslie G. (1939). Frank Norris: his Place in the Development of the American Novel. State University of Iowa.
  • Bixler, Paul H. (1934). "Frank Norris's Literary Reputation," American Literature, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 109–121.
  • Borus, Daniel H. (1989). Writing Realism: Howells, James, and Norris in the Mass Market. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Boyd, Jennifer (1993). Frank Norris: Spatial Form and Narrative Time. New York: Peter Lang Pub. Incorporated.
  • Brooks, Van Wyck (1952). "Frank Norris and Jack London." In: The Confident Years: 1885–1915. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
  • Brown, Deming Bronson (1942). The Development of the Use of Symbolism in the Novels of Frank Norris. (M.A. Thesis), University of Washington.
  • Cargill, Oscar (1941). Intellectual America. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Clarke, Robert Montgomery (1932). Contemporary American Novelists: Frank Norris. (M. A. Thesis), Stanford University.
  • Clift, Denison Hailey (1907). "The Artist in Frank Norris," The Pacific Monthly, Vol. XVII, pp. 313–322.
  • Cooper, Frederic Taber (1899). "Frank Norris, Realist," The Bookman, Vol. 10, pp. 234–238.
  • Cooper, Frederic Taber (1911). "Frank Norris." In: Some American Story Tellers. New York: Henry Holt & Company, pp. 295–330.
  • Cowley, Malcolm (1947). "'Not Men': A Natural History of American Naturalism," Kenyon Review, Vol. IX, pp. 414–435.
  • Crane, Warren Eugene (1939). The Life and Works of Frank Norris as a Reflection of Historical and Literary Trends between 1890 and 1902. (M.A. Thesis), University of Washington.
  • Davison, Richard Allan (1981). "Frank Norris and the Arts of Social Criticism," American Literary Realism, 1870–1910, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 77–89.
  • Dillingham, William B. (1969). Frank Norris: Instinct and Art. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Dobie, Charles Caldwell (1928). "Frank Norris, or, up from Culture," The American Mercury, Vol. 13, pp. 412–424.
  • East, Jr., Harry M. (1912). "A Lesson from Frank Norris," Overland monthly, Vol. 60, pp. 633–634.
  • Frohock, Wilbur Merrill (1968). Frank Norris. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Garland, Hamlin (1903). "The Work of Frank Norris," The Critic, Vol. XLII, pp. 216–218.
  • Ghodes, Clarence Louis Frank (1951). "The Facts of Life versus Pleasant Reading." In: The Literature of the American People. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp. 737–762.
  • Goodrich, Arthur (1902). "Frank Norris," Current Literature, Vol. XXXIII, p. 764.
  • Goodrich, Arthur (1903). "Norris, the Man," Current Literature, Vol. XXXIV, p. 105.
  • Goldsmith, Arnold Smith (1953). Free Will, Determinism and Social Responsibility in the Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., Frank Norris and Henry James. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of Wisconsin.
  • Goldsmith, Arnold Smith (1958). "The Development of Frank Norris's Philosophy." In: Studies in Honor of John Wilcox. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
  • Graham, Don (1978). The Fiction of Frank Norris: The Aesthetic Context. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
  • Grattan, C. Hartley (1929). "Frank Norris," The Bookman, Vol. 69, pp. 506–510.
  • Harrison, Robert (1941). The Writings of Frank Norris as Viewed by his Contemporaries. (M.A. Thesis), Ohio University.
  • Hart, James D. (1970). A Novelist in the Making: Frank Norris. Harvard University Press.
  • Hill, Marion V. (1954). A Study of Thematic Forces in the Novels of Frank Norris. (M.A. Thesis), Bownling Green State University.
  • Hill, John Stanley (1960). Frank Norris's Heroines. University of Wisconsin.
  • Hochman, Barbara (1988). The Art of Frank Norris, Storyteller. University of Missouri Press ISBN 0-8262-0663-8
  • Howells, William Dean (1965). "Frank Norris (1870–1902)." In: Criticism and Fiction. New York University Press, pp. 276–282.
  • Hussman, Lawrence E. (1998). Harbingers of a Century: The Novels of Frank Norris. New York: Peter Lang Pub Inc.
  • Johnson, George W. (1961). "Frank Norris and Romance," American Literature, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 52–63.
  • Kaplan, Charles (1952). Frank Norris and the Craft of Fiction. (Ph.D. Dissertation), Northwestern University.
  • Kusler, Gerald E. (1950). The Evolution of Frank Norris. (M.A. Thesis), State University of Iowa.
  • Kwiat, Joseph J. (1953). "The Newspaper Experience: Crane, Norris and Dreiser," Nineteenth Century Fiction, Vol. VIII, pp. 99–117.
  • Letizia, Louise M. (1950). Frank Norris: A Study in Contrasts and Contradictions. (M.A. Thesis), University of Pittsburgh.
  • Logue, Charles William (1949). Frank Norris: A Study in Romantic Realism. (M.A. Thesis), St. John University.
  • Marchand, Ernest (1942). Frank Norris: A Study. Oxford University Press.
  • Matthews, Margaret Moore (1937). Frank Norris: Pioneer Realist. (M.A. Thesis), University of South Carolina.
  • McCormick, Paul S. (1931). Frank Norris and the American Epic. (M.A. Thesis), Columbia University.
  • McElrath, Joseph R. (1978). "Frank Norris: A Biographical Essay," American Literary Realism, 1870–1910, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 219–234.
  • McElrath, Joseph R., Jr. (1988). Frank Norris and the Wave: A Bibliography. New York: Garland Pub.
  • McElrath, Joseph R., Jr. (1992). Frank Norris: A Descriptive Bibliography. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • McElrath, Joseph R. (1993). "Frank Norris' 'The Puppets and the Puppy': LeContean Idealism or Naturalistic Skepticism?," American Literary Realism, 1870–1910, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 50–59.
  • McElrath, Joseph R., Jr. and Crisler, Jesse S. (2006). Frank Norris: A Life. University of Illinois Press ISBN 0-252-03016-8 (the definitive biography of Norris)
  • McElrath, Joseph R., Jr. and Crisler, Jesse S. (2013). Frank Norris Remembered. University of Alabama Press.
  • McGinn, Richard Joseph (1954). The Characterization of Women in the Novels of Frank Norris. (M.A Thesis), Columbia University.
  • Mitchell, Marvin O'Neill (1953). A Study of Realistic and Romantic Elements in the Fiction of E. W. Howe, Joseph Kirkland, Hamlin Garland and Harold Frederic and Frank Norris, 1882–1902. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of North Carolina .
  • Musich, Gerald Donald (1973). Frank Norris' Character Types. University of Wisconsin–Madison .
  • Norris, Charles G. (1914). Frank Norris, 1870–1902. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
  • Pallette, Drew B. (1934). The Theories and Practice of Frank Norris as Related to his California Background. (M.A. Thesis), University of Southern California.
  • Parrington, Vernon Louis (1928). "The Development of Realism." In: The Reinterpretation of American Literature. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
  • Patee, Fred Lewis (1937). The New American Literature, 1890–1930. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company.
  • Phillips, Marion B. (1922). Aspects of the Naturalistic Novel in America. (M.A. Thesis), University of California.
  • Piper, Henry Dan (1956). "Frank Norris and Scott Fitzgerald," Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 393–400.
  • Pizer, Donald (1958). "Romantic Individualism in Garland, Norris and Crane," American Quarterly, Vol. X, No. 4, pp. 463–475.
  • Pizer, Donald (1966). The Novels of Frank Norris. Indiana University Press .
  • Preston, Harriet Waters (1903). "The Novels of Mr. Norris," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XCI, pp. 691–692.
  • Ramsay, Orrington Cozzens (1950). Frank Norris and Environment. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of Wisconsin.
  • Rosa, Matthew Whiting (1929). Frank Norris. (M.A. Thesis), Columbia University.
  • Smith, Allan Lloyd (1995). "Frank Norris: The Crisis of Representation," American Literary Realism, 1870–1910, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 74–83.
  • Spector, Michael Jay (1962). Frank Norris and Human Nature. University of Wisconsin–Madison.
  • Stegner, Wallace (1965). The American Novel: from James Fenimore Cooper to William Faulkner. New York: Basic Books .
  • Thorp, Willard (1960). American Writing in the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press.
  • Todd, Frank M. (1902). "Frank Norris, Student, Author and Man," University of California Magazine, Vol. VIII, pp. 349–356.
  • Toher, Martha Dimes (1982). "'The Music of the Spheres': The Diapason in Frank Norris's Works," American Literary Realism, 1870–1910, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 166–181.
  • Underwood, John Curtis (1914). "Frank Norris." In: Literature and Insurgency. New York: Mitchell Kennerley, pp. 130–178.
  • Walker, Franklin (1932). Frank Norris: A Biography. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.


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