غارة

غارة ( chevauchée ؛ النطق الفرنسي: [ʃəvoʃe]، "promenade" or "horse charge", depending on context) was a raiding method of medieval warfare for weakening the enemy, primarily by burning and pillaging enemy territory in order to reduce the productivity of a region, in addition to siege warfare most often as part of wars of conquest but occasionally as a punitive raid. The use of the chevauchée declined at the end of the 14th century as the focus of warfare turned to sieges. It is conceptually similar to the scorched earth strategies used in modern warfare.

In Spain, this type of raid was usually called a cabalgada (older spelling: cavalgada). The Ghazi razzia is also considered similar in purpose.

The chevauchée could be used as a way of forcing an enemy to fight, or as a means of discrediting the enemy's government and detaching his subjects from their loyalty. This usually caused a massive flight of refugees to fortified towns and castles, which would be untouched by the chevauchée.

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 الاستخدامات المبكرة

In medieval Bedouin culture , ghazwa was a form of limited warfare bordering on banditry that avoided direct confrontation, and instead emphasized raiding and pillaging. The poet al-Kutami of the Umayyad era wrote some oft-quoted verses: "It is our duty to make raids against the enemy, against our neighbor and our own brother, if we find none to plunder but our brother." [6] [7] William Montgomery Watt formulates the hypothesis that Muhammad found it useful to distract from this continuous internal war towards non-Muslims making this the basis of the Islamic holy war. [8] As a form of war, raiding was then imitated by the Christian states of the Iberian Peninsula in their relations with the kingdoms of taifas . [9]

A large-scale incursion organized by the Christian king into Muslim territory was called a fonsado ; [10] Perhaps this is the oldest word used for such raids. By contrast, the word raid was introduced later to denote a minor raid, the main purpose of which was plunder. The Algara Voice [11] It refers either to a raiding party, or perhaps to a still smaller scale looting. [12] A Christian chronicler of the twelfth century wrote: "Every day large bodies of knights leave the castles in what we call algaradas and roam far and wide plundering all the territory of Seville , Córdoba and Carmona , and setting fire to everything ." [13]

A 13th- century Iberian example of an incursion called a cavalcade is the operation launched by order of Ferdinand III of Castile in April 1231. It left Andújar , and advanced first towards Córdoba, leaving a trail of destruction in the his step The looters attacked Palma del Riu , killing many of its inhabitants. Later they reached Seville , which they passed on their way to Jerez and Vejer. When they were intercepted by an army of Ibn Hud near the Guadalete River , the Battle of Jerez took place. The Castilian looters managed to defeat the Moorish army and retreated with the booty, not without first having killed all the prisoners. The looting and the battle were described at length in the chronicles of Alfonso X the Wise .

 Popular culture

A table-top miniature wargame called Chevauchée, designed to simulate the action associated with this term, was published at one point by the game development company Skirmisher Publishing LLC.

 See also

• Early thermal weapons: Fire and Sword
• Hit-and-run tactics
• Horses in the Middle Ages
• Scorched earth
• Sherman's March to the Sea

 للاستزادة

• Allmand, Christopher (1988). The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300-c. 1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26499-5.
• Fowler, Kenneth (2001). Medieval Mercenaries. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher. ISBN 0-631-15886-3.
• Hewitt, H. J. (1958). The Black Prince's Expedition of 1355-1357. Manchester, England: The University Press.
• Hoskins, Peter (2011). In the Steps of the Black Prince, The Road to Poitiers, 1355-1356. Boydell&Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-611-7.
• Neillands, Robin (1990). The Hundred Years War. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00148-X.
• Sumption, Jonathon (1990). The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3147-3.
• Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Kagay, Donald J. (2005). Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-13969-9.

 وصلات خارجية

ابحث عن cavalgada في
قاموس المعرفة.