سنتوريون

هذا المقال هو عن the Roman army officer. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر سنتوريون (توضيح).
A historical reenactor in Roman centurion costume. Note the transverse crest on the Galea (helmet). It was worn to indicate the wearer's rank in regimental 'triumph' and honorific parades. Its purpose was purely symbolic. It was not part of the standard battle-dress of Roman soldiers in the field.

A centurion ( /sɛnˈtjʊəriən/; لاتينية: centurio; باليونانية: κεντυρίων, kentyríōn or ἑκατόνταρχος, hekatóntarkhos) was a professional officer of the Roman army after the Marian reforms of 107 BC. Most centurions commanded groups of centuries of around 100 legionaries,[5] but senior centurions commanded cohorts or took senior staff roles in their legion. Centurions were also found in the Roman navy. In the Byzantine Army, they were also known by the name kentarch (κένταρχος, kentarchos).[6] Their symbol of office was the vine staff, with which they disciplined even Roman citizens protected from other forms of beating by the Porcian Laws.

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Role

A cenotaph to Marcus Caelius, a centurion of Legio XVIII, killed at the Battle of Teutoburger Wald. Note the prominent display of the vine staff, his sign of office.
Illustration of a Roman centurion from the 1880 book Young Folks' History of Rome.

In the Roman infantry, centurions initially commanded a centuria or "century". Centuries, or centuriae, developed from the Roman tribal system under the Servian reforms and could contain 200 to 1000 legionaries. Later, generals and Caesars further manipulated these numbers with double and half-strength units. Julius Caesar, for instance, made the first century double strength.


انظر أيضاً

سنتوريون تاريخيون

Artifacts from a centurion's tomb.
Artifacts from a centurion's tomb.
Artifacts from a centurion's tomb.

متعلقات

References

  1. ^ أ ب New College Latin Dictionary
  2. ^ The Roman Legions
  3. ^ The Complete Roman Army
  4. ^ The Roman War Machine
  5. ^ The centuries (centuriae) commanded by the centurion theoretically derive from centum ("hundred"),[1] but that connection is now disputed.[2][3][4] It certainly meant "company" or "tribe".[1]
  6. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 1120–1121. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.

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