ردنگ، بركشير

لمعلومات عن the American city in Berks County، انظر Reading, Pennsylvania.
ردنگ
Reading
Town, borough and unitary authority
From top left: Reading's medieval Market Place with Town Hall and 11th century St Laurence's Church, the Maiwand Lion, the Town Centre skyline from the Royal Berkshire Hospital, the 12th Century Reading Abbey ruins, The Oracle shopping centre and River Kennet
From top left: Reading's medieval Market Place with Town Hall and 11th century St Laurence's Church, the Maiwand Lion, the Town Centre skyline from the Royal Berkshire Hospital, the 12th Century Reading Abbey ruins, The Oracle shopping centre and River Kennet
الشعار الرسمي لـ ردنگ
Coat of Arms of Reading Borough Council
الشعار: 
A Deo et Regina
With God and Queen
Borough of Reading shown within Berkshire
Borough of Reading shown within Berkshire
ردنگ is located in المملكة المتحدة
ردنگ
ردنگ
Borough of Reading shown within Berkshire
ردنگ is located in إنگلترة
ردنگ
ردنگ
ردنگ (إنگلترة)
ردنگ is located in أوروپا
ردنگ
ردنگ
ردنگ (أوروپا)
الإحداثيات: 51°27′15″N 0°58′23″W / 51.45417°N 0.97306°W / 51.45417; -0.97306Coordinates: 51°27′15″N 0°58′23″W / 51.45417°N 0.97306°W / 51.45417; -0.97306
Sovereign state المملكة المتحدة
Constituent country إنگلترة
RegionSouth East England
Ceremonial county بريكشير
Historic county
  • Berkshire (south of the River Thames)
  • Oxfordshire (north of the River Thames)
Admin HQReading
Settled871 or earlier
Town status1086 or earlier
الحكومة
 • النوعUnitary authority
 • الكيانReading Borough Council
 • LeadershipLeader and Cabinet
 • MayorCllr David Stevens
 • MPsMatt Rodda (L)
Alok Sharma (C)
المنسوب
61 m (200 ft)
التعداد
 (2008 تق.)
 • Borough155٬300
 • الترتيب118th (of 326) (borough)
 • الكثافة3٬844/km2 (9٬960/sq mi)
 • Urban
337٬108
 • Ethnicity (Borough)[1]
صفة المواطنRedingensian, Readingite
منطقة التوقيتUTC+0 (GMT)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+1 (BST)
Postal code
RG
مفتاح الهاتف0118
Grid Ref.SU713733
ONS code
  • 00MC (ONS)
  • E06000038 (GSS)
ISO 3166-2GB-RDG
NUTS 3UKJ11
الموقع الإلكترونيreading.gov.uk

ردنگ (Reading ؛ /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ RED-ing)[2] is a historic large market town in Berkshire, England, in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the rivers Thames and Kennet. It is on the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, 40 miles (64 km) east of Swindon, 25 miles (40 km) south of Oxford, 40 miles (64 km) west of London, 15 miles (24 km) north of Basingstoke, 13 miles (21 km) southwest of Maidenhead and 15 miles (24 km) east of Newbury. Reading is a major commercial centre, especially for information technology and insurance.[3] It is also a regional retail centre, serving a large area of the Thames Valley, and home to the University of Reading. Every year it hosts the Reading Festival, one of England's biggest music festivals. Among its sports teams are Reading Football Club and Reading Hockey Club, and over 15,000 runners annually compete in the Reading Half Marathon.

Reading dates from the 8th century. It was an important trading and ecclesiastical centre in the Middle Ages, the site of Reading Abbey, one of the largest and richest monasteries of medieval England with strong royal connections, of which the 12th-century abbey gateway and significant ancient ruins remain. By 1525, Reading was the largest town in Berkshire, and tenth in England for taxable wealth. The town was seriously affected by the English Civil War, with a major siege and loss of trade, but played a pivotal role in the Glorious Revolution, whose only significant military action was fought on its streets. The 18th century saw the beginning of a major ironworks in the town and the growth of the brewing trade for which Reading was to become famous. The 19th century saw the coming of the Great Western Railway and the development of the town's brewing, baking and seed growing businesses, and the town grew rapidly as a manufacturing centre.


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التاريخ

أقدم خريطة لردنگ، نشرها في 1611 جون سپيد



الحكم

Reading Town Hall
The gateway as restored in 2018


الجغرافيا

بيانات مناخ جامعة ردنگ، المنسوب: 62 متر، 1981–2010 المعتادة
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 7.7
(45.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.0
(68) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.1
(71.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		7.9
(46.2) 		14٫5
(58٫1)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 4.8
(40.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		17.3
(63.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10٫6
(51٫1)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 1.9
(35.4) 		1.7
(35.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		12.5
(54.5) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.4
(39.9) 		2.2
(36) 		6٫7
(44٫1)
هطول mm (inches) 61.0
(2.402) 		41.2
(1.622) 		44.5
(1.752) 		48.0
(1.89) 		46.4
(1.827) 		44.6
(1.756) 		46.0
(1.811) 		52.3
(2.059) 		50.3
(1.98) 		71.8
(2.827) 		66.3
(2.61) 		62.9
(2.476) 		635٫4
(25٫016)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.2 9.1 9.7 9.3 8.8 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.9 10.5 10.7 10.6 111٫1
Sunshine hours 56.8 76.0 109.0 160.6 188.2 189.1 197.3 191.6 138.0 106.4 63.1 46.9 1٬522٫9
Source #1: Met Office[4]
Source #2: WeatherAtlas[5]
River Kennet during the 2007 floods at the riverside level of The Oracle
class=notpageimage|
Location of suburbs of Reading


ردنگ
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
61
 
8
2
 
 
41
 
8
2
 
 
45
 
11
3
 
 
48
 
14
5
 
 
46
 
17
8
 
 
45
 
20
11
 
 
46
 
22
13
 
 
52
 
22
13
 
 
50
 
19
10
 
 
72
 
15
8
 
 
66
 
11
4
 
 
63
 
8
2
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم


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الاقتصاد

Reading International Business Park. This crescent of offices beside the A33 are home to Verizon, a telecommunications company. They were formerly the European headquarters of WorldCom before its demise
The front of the store on Broad Street
The central lake makes a virtue of the necessity of flood alleviation measures
Green Park wind turbine viewed from Lime Square

Reading is an important commercial centre in the Thames Valley and Southern England. The town hosts the headquarters of several British companies and the United Kingdom offices of foreign multinationals, as well as being a major retail centre.[6] Whilst located close enough to London to be sometimes regarded as part of the London commuter belt, Reading is a net inward destination for commuters. During the morning peak period, there are some 30,000 inward arrivals in the town, compared to 24,000 departures.[7] Major companies Microsoft, Oracle[8] and Hibu (formerly Yell Group)[9] have their headquarters in Reading. The insurance company Prudential has an administration centre in the town.[10] PepsiCo[11] and Wrigley[11] have offices.

Global pharmaceutical giant, Bayer Life Sciences relocated to Reading's Green Park Business Park in 2016.[12] Reading has a significant historical involvement in the information technology industry, largely as a result of the early presence in the town of sites of International Computers Limited[13] and Digital Equipment Corporation.[14] Other technology companies with a significant presence in the town include Huawei Technologies, Pegasystems, Access IS, CGI Inc, Agilent Technologies,[15] Cisco,[16] Ericsson,[17] Symantec,[16] Verizon Business,[18] and Commvault.[19] These companies are distributed around Reading or just outside the borough boundary, some in business parks including Thames Valley Park in nearby Earley, Green Park Business Park and Arlington Business Park.

Reading town centre is a major shopping centre. In 2007, an independent poll placed Reading 16th in a league table of best performing retail centres in the United Kingdom.[20][21] The main shopping street is Broad Street, which runs between The Oracle in the east and Broad Street Mall in the west and was pedestrianised in 1995.[22] The smaller Friars Walk in Friar Street is closed and will be demolished if the proposed Station Hill redevelopment project goes ahead.[23] There are three major department stores in Reading: John Lewis & Partners (known as Heelas until 2001),[24] Debenhams (now closed down), and House of Fraser.[25] The Broad Street branch of bookseller Waterstone's is a conversion of a nonconformist chapel dating from 1707.[26] Besides the two major shopping malls, Reading has three smaller shopping arcades, the Bristol and West Arcade, Harris Arcade and The Walk, which contain smaller specialist stores. An older form of retail facility is represented by Union Street, popularly known as Smelly Alley.[27][28] Reading has no indoor market, but there is a street market in Hosier Street.[29] A farmers' market operates on two Saturdays a month.[30]

الثقافة

Aerial view of Reading Festival 2007
The Abbey Gateway, where Jane Austen went to school
The Maiwand Lion in Forbury Gardens

Every year Reading hosts the Reading Festival, which has been running since 1971.[31][32] The festival takes place on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August bank holiday weekend and is the largest of its kind in the United Kingdom aside from the Glastonbury Festival. Reading Festival takes place at Little Johns Farm in Reading, Richfield Avenue.[33] For some twenty years until 2006, Reading was also known for its WOMAD Festival until it moved to Charlton Park in Malmesbury, Wiltshire.[34][35] The Reading Beer Festival was first held in 1994[36] and has now grown to one of the largest beer festivals in the United Kingdom. It is held at King's Meadow for the five days immediately preceding the May Day bank holiday every year.[37] Reading also holds Reading Pride, an annual LGBT festival in Kings Meadow.

البلدات التوأم

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in England

Reading is twinned with:[38]

Though not twinned with Reading, two suburbs of the New Zealand city of Dunedin — Caversham and Forbury — were named after places in and around Reading by early New Zealand settler and Reading native William Henry Valpy.

انظر أيضاً


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المراجع

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ethstats
  2. ^ "Reading". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  3. ^ "Government & public sector". PwC.
  4. ^ "Reading 1981–2010 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  5. ^ "Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Reading, United Kingdom". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  6. ^ "Vision for Reading Chamber of Commerce". Thames Valley Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  7. ^ "A Sustainable Community Strategy for Reading" (PDF). Reading Borough Council. p. 17. Retrieved 13 July 2011.[dead link]
  8. ^ "Companies". Thames Valley Park. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  9. ^ "Reading's Application for City Status" (PDF). Reading Borough Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  10. ^ "Prudential could quit UK". Reading Post. Surrey & Berkshire Media. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  11. ^ أ ب "Occupiers in Reading". Arlington Business Park. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  12. ^ "Bayer Life Sciences Relocated in 2016". Retrieved 1 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "ICL Pensioners' Newsletter" (PDF). Fujitsu. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  14. ^ New Scientist, 17 Jul 1986. Reed Business Information. 17 July 1986. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  15. ^ "Agilent Technologies agrees letting in Reading". Cushman & Wakefield. 25 January 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  16. ^ أ ب "Occupiers". Green Park. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  17. ^ "So many fantastic memories of Adam". Reading Post. Surrey & Berkshire Media. 14 August 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  18. ^ "Occupiers". Reading International Business Park. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  19. ^ "Hicks Baker client acquires last suite at Apex Plaza". Hicks Baker. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2016. Fast growing data management software company CommVault has signed a new 7-year lease on Block B at Apex Plaza in Reading.
  20. ^ "Retail & Leisure Study of Reading – Volume 1 – Chapters 1 to 3" (PDF). Reading Borough Council. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 يونيو 2008. Retrieved 13 يونيو 2008.
  21. ^ "Battle to stay top of shops". Reading Post. Surrey & Berkshire Media. 28 September 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  22. ^ "Regional Focus on Reading". Career Planner. BCL Legal. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
  23. ^ Millward, David (8 September 2010). "New 'partner' for Station Hill project". Reading Post. Surrey & Berkshire Media. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  24. ^ "The history of John Lewis Reading". John Lewis. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  25. ^ "Mall Guide" (PDF). Oracle. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  26. ^ قالب:NHLE
  27. ^ Sowan 2004.
  28. ^ "Holland & Barrett Smelly Alley – Reading". Thames Valley Vegans And Vegetarians. Archived from the original on 21 نوفمبر 2008. Retrieved 1 مايو 2009.
  29. ^ "Reading Market". Town & Country Markets. Archived from the original on 22 يوليو 2011. Retrieved 7 يوليو 2011.
  30. ^ "Calendar". Thames Valley Farmers' Market Co-operative. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  31. ^ "Festival History". Reading Museum. Reading Borough Council. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  32. ^ Minard, Jenny (29 March 2010). "Reading Festival: A history as 2010 line up announced". BBC News. London: BBC. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  33. ^ "Reading Festival Location". Retrieved 1 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ Schofield, Deborah (5 August 2002). "WOMAD in Reading". guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 6 July 2006.
  35. ^ "Womad venue change after 17 years". BBC News. London: BBC. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
  36. ^ Fordham, Jonny (30 April 2009). "Reading Beer Festival: family friendly fun". Reading Post. Surrey & Berkshire Media. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
  37. ^ "18th Reading CAMRA Beer and Cider Festival". Reading Beer Festival. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
  38. ^ "Town twinning". reading.gov.uk. Reading Borough Council. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.

ببليوگرافيا

وصلات خارجية

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