حسون

حسون
Pyrrhula pyrrhula female 2.jpg
Bullfinch male.jpg
Eurasian bullfinch (female above, male below)
التصنيف العلمي e
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): Fringillidae
Subfamilies

Fringillinae
Carduelinae
Euphoniinae

The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usually resident and do not migrate. They have a worldwide distribution except for Australia and the polar regions. The family includes species known as siskins, canaries, redpolls, serins, grosbeaks and euphonias.

Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches". These groups include: the estrildid finches (Estrildidae) of the Old World tropics and Australia; some members of the Old World bunting family (Emberizidae) and the American sparrow family (Passerellidae); and the Darwin's finches of the Galapagos islands, now considered members of the tanager family (Thraupidae).[1]

Finches and canaries were used in the UK, Canada and USA in the coal mining industry, to detect carbon monoxide from the eighteenth to twentieth century. This practice ceased in the UK in 1986.[2]


Finch phylogeny

Fringilla chaffinches

Euphonia, Chlorophonia

Mycerobas, Hesperiphona, Coccothraustes and Eophona grosbeaks

Hawaiian honeycreepers

Carpodacus Eurasian rosefinches

Pinicola pine grosbeak

Pyrrhula bullfinches

Rhodopechys crimson-winged finches

Bucanetes trumpeter and the Mongolian finch

Agraphospiza Blanford's rosefinch

Callacanthis spectacled finch

Pyrrhoplectes golden-naped finch

Procarduelis dark-breasted rosefinch

Leucosticte mountain finches

Haemorhous North American rosefinches

Rhodospiza desert finch

Rhynchostruthus golden-winged grosbeaks

Chloris greenfinches

Linurgus oriole finch

Crithagra African canaries, serins and siskins

Linaria twite and linnets

Acanthis redpolls

Loxia crossbills

Chrysocorythus mountain serin

Carduelis European goldfinch etc

Serinus European serin, Atlantic canary, etc

Spinus North American goldfinches etc


Cladogram based on the analysis by Zuccon and colleagues published in 2012.[3] The rosefinches genus Carpodacus is expanded to include the common rosefinch as suggested by Tietze and colleagues[4] and adopted by the International Ornithological Committee.[5]

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List of genera

The family Fringillidae contains 228 species divided into 50 genera and three subfamilies. The subfamily Carduelinae includes 18 extinct Hawaiian honeycreepers and the extinct Bonin grosbeak.[5]

Subfamily Fringillinae

Subfamily Carduelinae

Subfamily Euphoniinae

  • Euphonia – contains 27 species all with euphonia in their English name
  • Chlorophonia – contains 5 species all with chlorophonia in their English name


Gallery

See also

== المراجع ==

  1. ^ Newton (1973), Clement et al. (1993)
  2. ^ Eschener, Kat (30 December 2016). "The Story of the Real Canary in the Coal Mine". Smithsonian. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Zuccon2012
  4. ^ Tietze, D.T.; Päckert, M.; Martens, J.; Lehmann, H.; Sun, Y.-H. (September 2013). "Complete phylogeny and historical biogeography of true rosefinches (Aves: Carpodacus)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169: 215–234. doi:10.1111/zoj.12057.
  5. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ioc

Sources

وصلات خارجية