الثورة الهايتية

الثورة الهايتية
جزء من الثورات الأطلسية، الحروب الثورية الفرنسية والحروب الناپليونية.
Battle at San Domingo, a painting by January Suchodolski, depicting a struggle between Polish troops in French service and the slave rebels and freed revolutionary soldiers
التاريخ 21 August 1791 – 1 January 1804 (12 سنة, 4 شهر, 1 أسبوع و 4 يوم) الموقع Saint-Domingue النتيجة انتصار هايتي French colonial government expelled Massacre of the French التغيرات الإقليمية Independent Empire of Haiti established
المتحاربون
1791–1793 Ex-slaves French royalists Spain (from 1793) 1793–1798 French royalists مملكة بريطانيا العظمى Spain (until 1796) 1798–1801 Louverture Loyalists 1802–1804 Ex-slaves United Kingdom	1791–1793 Slave owners Kingdom of France (until 1792) French Republic 1793–1798 French Republic Ex-slaves 1798–1801 Rigaud Loyalists Spain 1802–1804 French Republic Spain
القادة والزعماء
1791–1793 Dutty Boukman † Georges Biassou Vincent Ogé  André Rigaud 1793–1798 Paul-Louis Dubuc Thomas Maitland Joaquín Moreno 1798–1801 Toussaint Louverture 1802–1804 Toussaint Louverture  Jean-Jacques Dessalines Henri Christophe Alexandre Pétion François Capois John Duckworth John Loring	1791–1793 Viscount de Blanchelande Léger-Félicité Sonthonax 1793–1798 Toussaint Louverture André Rigaud Alexandre Pétion 1798–1801 André Rigaud 1802–1804 Napoleon Bonaparte Charles Leclerc † Vicomte de Rochambeau  Villaret de Joyeuse Federico Gravina
القوى
Regular army: 55,000, Volunteers: 100,000+ 31,000	Regular army: 60,000, 86 warships and frigates
الضحايا والخسائر
Haitians: 200,000 dead British: 45,000 dead	France: 75,000 dead
White colonists: 25,000

الثورة الهايتية (فرنسية: Révolution haïtiennecode: fr is deprecated [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n])، كانت successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint-Domingue that lasted from 1791 until 1804. It affected the institution of slavery throughout the Americas. Self-liberated slaves destroyed slavery at home, fought to preserve their freedom, and with the collaboration of mulattoes, founded the sovereign state of Haiti. It led to the greatest slave uprising since Spartacus's unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years prior.

The Haitian Revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state free from slavery and ruled by non-whites and former captives. With the increasing number of Haitian Revolutionary Studies in the last few decades, it has become clear that the event was a defining moment in the racial histories of the Atlantic World. The legacy of the Revolution was that it challenged long-held beliefs about black inferiority and of the enslaved person's capacity to achieve and maintain freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure became the source of stories that shocked and frightened slave owners.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Literature about the Haitian Revolution

• An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President
• Bug-Jargal
• The Crime of Napoleon
• The Black Jacobins

 See also

3

== المراجع ==:*Please note that the URL in a footnote whose link is followed by an asterisk may occasionally require special attention.

 للاستزادة

• Baur, John. "International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution." The Americas 26, no. 4 (1970).
• Blackburn, Robin. "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution", William and Mary Quarterly 63.4, 633–674 (2006)
• Bryan, Patrick E. (1984). The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-98301-7. Retrieved 15 May 2015. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Censer,Jack Richard,; Lynn Avery Hunt (2001). Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Exploring the French Revolution. Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02088-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Dubois, Laurent (2005). Avengers of the New World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01826-6.
• Laurent Dubois; John D. Garrigus (2006). Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, 1789–1804 A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/st Martins. ISBN 978-0-312-41501-3.
• Fick, Carolyne "The Haitian revolution and the limit of freedom: defining citizenship in the revolutionary era". Social History, Vol 32. No 4, November 2007
• Garrigus, John D. (2006). Before Haiti Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7140-1.
• Geggus, David Patrick. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press 2001. ISBN 978-1-57003-416-9
• Girard, Philippe. “Black Talleyrand: Toussaint Louverture’s Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States,” William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (Jan. 2009), 87–124.
• Girard, Philippe. “Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799–1803,” French Historical Studies 32:4 (Fall 2009), 587–618.
• Girard, Philippe R. The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 2011. ISBN 0-8173-1732-5
• Girard, Philippe. “Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal,” William and Mary Quarterly (July 2012).
• Cyril Lionel Robert James (1989). The Black Jacobins Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution (2nd ed.). Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-72467-4.
• Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)
• Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)
• Ott, Thomas O. The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804. University of Tennessee Press, 1973.
• Joseph Elisée Peyre-Ferry (2006). Journal des opérations militaires de l'armée française à Saint-Domingue 1802–1803 sous les ordres des capitaines-généraux Leclerc et Rochambeau. Les Editions de Paris-Max Chaleil. ISBN 978-2-84621-052-2.
• Popkin, Jeremy D., You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010)
• Jeffers, Jen (2016) "Freedom At All Cost: Remembering History's Greatest Slave Rebellion". The Raven Report.

 وصلات خارجية

• The Louverture Project, a wiki about the history of Haiti
• Haiti: History of Shaken Country-- Video interview with historian Laurent Dubois
• Haiti Archives
• "Égalité for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution". Noland Walker. PBS documentary. 2009
• France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for "Independence Debt" – video report by Democracy Now!
• The Other Revolution: Haiti, 1789 – 1804 digital exhibition from Brown University
• 15 Minutes History, UT at Austin
• Two Revolutions in the Atlantic World: Connections between the American Revolution and the Haitian Revolution Gilder Lehrman Center, Laurent Dubois.
• "Upheavals in France and Saint-Domingue" Brown University