إخلاء پروسيا الشرقية

إخلاء پروسيا الشرقية
	جزء من الحرب العالمية الثانية
	; پروسيا الشرقية (بالأحمر)، تم فصلها عن سيطرة ألمانيا عن طريق الممر الپولندي فيما بين الحرب العالمية الأولى والثانية. المنطقة، انقسمت بين روسيا وبولندا في عام 1945 وتبلغ مساحتها 340 كم شرق الحدود الألمانية البولندية الحالية.
التاريخ	يناير–مارس 1945
الموقع	پروسيا الشرقية
النتيجة	إخلاء أكثر من 1.8 مليون من المدنيين الألمان
المتحاربون
ألمانيا	الاتحاد السوڤيتي
القادة والزعماء
Gauleiter Erich Koch	Ivan Chernyakhovsky; Aleksandr Vasilevsky (commanders of the Soviet invading troops)
الضحايا والخسائر
	25,000-30,000

إخلاء پروسيا الشرقية، عملية إخلاء الأفراد العسكريين والسكان المدنيين الألمان في پروسيا الشرقية ومنطقة كلايپدا فيما بين 20 يناير ومارس 1945، كجزء من إخلاء المدنيين الألمان في نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية، والذي بدأ بنظام وكانت تقوم به السلطات الحكومية، ولكنه سرعان ما تحول إلى هروب فوضوي خوفاً من الجيش الأحمر.^[6]^[7]

كجزء من إجلاء المدنيين الألمان قرب نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية، these events are not to be confused with the expulsion from East Prussia that followed after the war had ended. The area that was evacuated was not the Gau East Prussia, but the inter-war East Prussia where most people already held German citizenship. German citizens in Memel and other regions with proximity to East Prussia also took part in the evacuation, wishing to escape by sea, even though in their regions there was no official evacuation announced.

The evacuation, which had been delayed for months, was initiated due to fear of the Red Army advances during the East Prussian Offensive. Some parts of the evacuation were planned as a military necessity, Operation Hannibal being the most important military operation involved in the evacuation. However, many refugees took to the roads on their own initiative because of reported Soviet atrocities against Germans in the areas under Soviet control. Both spurious and factual accounts of Soviet atrocities were disseminated through the official news and propaganda outlets of Nazi Germany and by rumors that swept through the military and civilian populations.

Despite having detailed evacuation plans for some areas, the German authorities, including the Gauleiter of East Prussia, Erich Koch, delayed action until 20 January, when it was too late for an orderly evacuation, and the civil services and Nazi Party were eventually overwhelmed by the numbers of those wishing to evacuate. Coupled with the panic caused by the speed of the Soviet advance, civilians caught in the middle of combat, and the bitter winter weather, many thousands of refugees died during the evacuation period. The Soviet forces took control of East Prussia only in May 1945.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} According to the West German Schieder commission, the civilian population of East Prussia at the beginning of 1944 was 2,653,000^[8] people. This accounting, which was based on ration cards, included air raid evacuees from western Germany and foreign workers. Before the end of the war an estimated 2 million people^[9] were evacuated, including 500,000^[10] in the Autumn of 1944 and 1,500,000^[9] after January 1945. An estimated 600,000^[9] remained behind in Soviet-controlled East Prussia in April–May 1945.^[11]

According to a 1974 West German government study, an estimated 1% of the civilian population was killed during the Soviet offensive.^[12] The West German search service reported that 31,940 civilians from East Prussia, which also included Memel, were confirmed as killed during the evacuation.^[13]

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الپروپاگندا

الألمان

السوڤييت

الإخلاء

لاجئو پروسيا الشرقية

اللاجئون

Volkssturm in East Prussia

العملية هانيبال

لاجئون على سفينة بالقرب من Pillau

كونيگسبرگ

الإعتداء السوڤيتي على كونيگسبرگ من 6 حتى 9 أبريل 1945

الجرائم

ما بعدها

الأراضي الألمانية التي فقدت في الحرب العالمية الثانية موضحة باللون الأخضر والأصفر

انظر أيضا

هوامش

^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Beevor-83
^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 The German government claimed total civilian losses in East Prussia of 299,200 including 274,200 in the expulsions after May 1945 and 25,000 during the war
^ Wirtschaft und Statistik 1958, 602, 603
^ The German Federal Archives estimated that about 1% (100-120,000 of the estimated 11-12 million total German civilian population) in the of the Oder Neisse region lost their lives due military activity in the 1944-45 campaign as well as deliberate killings by Soviet forces. Spiegel, Silke. ed. Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte.. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). ISBN 3-88557-067-X. pages 38-41
^ Schieder commission Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Vol. 1 Bonn, 1954 The Schieder commission estimated casualties in the 1945 campaign at 30,000 civilian dead in East Prussia(page 39) and overall civilian losses in entire Oder-Neisse region at 75-100,000 (page 65)
^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948. 8. Evacuation and flight of the German population to the Potsdam Germany (PDF). Warsaw: Didactica. ISBN 9781536110357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-26.
^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939-1950) (PDF). Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-83-61590-46-0.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ReferenceA
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Schieder commission 1954, p. 78.
^ Schieder commission 1954, p. 41.
^ Schieder commission 1954, p. 41 Schieder presented a different set of figures for the territory of East Prussia and Memel that excluded 310,000 persons in the western regions that were included with the population of the province Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Total population beginning of 1944 2,350,000. Evacuated-In the fall of 1944, 500,000; after January 1945 1,350,000. The balance of 500,000 were captured by the Soviet forces.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Spieler, Silke 1948. pp. 38–41
^ Gesamterhebung zur Klärung des Schicksals der deutschen Bevölkerung in den Vertreibungsgebieten. München : Zentralstelle des Kirchl. Suchdienstes. See Separate table "Heimatortskartei für Ostpreussen"

المصادر

Beevor, Antony. Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, 2002, ISBN 0-670-88695-5
Beevor, Antony. Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Romanian translation.
Hastings, Max (2004). Armageddon. The Battle for Germany 1944—1945. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0330490621. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

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قراءات إضافية

de Zayas, Alfred-Maurice. A Terrible Revenge:The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950, 1994,ISBN 0-312-12159-8
Duffy, Christopher (1993). Red Storm on the Reich. The Soviet March on Germany, 1945. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0415035899. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Glantz, David M. The Soviet‐German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay
Hitchcock, William I. The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945-2002, 2003, ISBN 0-385-49798-9
Walter, Elizabeth B. Barefoot in the Rubble, 1997, ISBN 0-9657793-0-0

وصلات خارجية

TV documentary "Assault on East Prussia"

الكلمات الدالة:

[Beevor-83-1] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Beevor-83

[2] Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 The German government claimed total civilian losses in East Prussia of 299,200 including 274,200 in the expulsions after May 1945 and 25,000 during the war

[3] Wirtschaft und Statistik 1958, 602, 603

[4] The German Federal Archives estimated that about 1% (100-120,000 of the estimated 11-12 million total German civilian population) in the of the Oder Neisse region lost their lives due military activity in the 1944-45 campaign as well as deliberate killings by Soviet forces. Spiegel, Silke. ed. Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte.. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). ISBN 3-88557-067-X. pages 38-41

[5] Schieder commission Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Vol. 1 Bonn, 1954 The Schieder commission estimated casualties in the 1945 campaign at 30,000 civilian dead in East Prussia(page 39) and overall civilian losses in entire Oder-Neisse region at 75-100,000 (page 65)

[6] Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948. 8. Evacuation and flight of the German population to the Potsdam Germany (PDF). Warsaw: Didactica. ISBN 9781536110357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-26.

[:2-7] Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939-1950) (PDF). Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-83-61590-46-0.

[ReferenceA-8] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ReferenceA

[FOOTNOTESchieder_commission195478-9] أ ^ب ^ت Schieder commission 1954, p. 78.

[FOOTNOTESchieder_commission195441-10] Schieder commission 1954, p. 41.

[11] Schieder commission 1954, p. 41 Schieder presented a different set of figures for the territory of East Prussia and Memel that excluded 310,000 persons in the western regions that were included with the population of the province Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Total population beginning of 1944 2,350,000. Evacuated-In the fall of 1944, 500,000; after January 1945 1,350,000. The balance of 500,000 were captured by the Soviet forces.

[Spieler,_Silke_1948._pp._38–41-12] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Spieler, Silke 1948. pp. 38–41

[ReferenceC-13] Gesamterhebung zur Klärung des Schicksals der deutschen Bevölkerung in den Vertreibungsgebieten. München : Zentralstelle des Kirchl. Suchdienstes. See Separate table "Heimatortskartei für Ostpreussen"

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