أنطونيو لونا

هذا المقال هو عن the Filipino general. إذا كنت تريد the Spanish footballer، انظر Antonio Luna (footballer). إذا كنت تريد the Philippine Navy ship، انظر BRP Gen. Antonio Luna (PG-141).

في هذا article، الأول أو الأبوي لقب العائلة هو Luna والاسم الثاني أو عائلة الأم هو Novicio.

Antonio Luna
Commanding General of the Philippine Revolutionary Army
في المنصب March 28, 1899 – June 5, 1899
الرئيس	Emilio Aguinaldo
سبقه	Artemio Ricarte
خلـَفه	Emilio Aguinaldo
Assistant Secretary of War and Supreme Commander of the Republican Army
في المنصب September 28, 1898 – March 1, 1899
الرئيس	Emilio Aguinaldo
Chief of War Operations
في المنصب September 26, 1898 – September 28, 1898
الرئيس	Emilio Aguinaldo
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (1866-10-29)أكتوبر 29, 1866 San Nicolas, Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
توفي	يونيو 5, 1899(1899-06-05) (aged 32) Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, First Philippine Republic
سبب الوفاة	Assassination
القرابة	Juan Luna (brother) Joaquin Luna (brother)
الجوائز	Philippine Republic Medal
الخدمة العسكرية
الكنية	"Toñing" "El General Monico" "General Mayabang"
الولاء	First Philippine Republic
الفرع/الخدمة	Philippine Revolutionary Army
سنوات الخدمة	1898–1899
الرتبة	Teniente Heneral
المعارك/الحروب	Philippine–American War Battle of Manila Battle of Caloocan Second Battle of Caloocan Capture of Malolos Battle of Pulilan Battle of Calumpit Battle of Apalit Battle of Santo Tomas

أنطونيو نارسيسو لونا دى سان پدرو إى نوڤيتشيو آنشيتا ( Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta ؛ النطق الإسپاني: [anˈtonjo ˈluna]; 29 أكتوبر 1866 – 5 يونيو 1899) was a Filipino pharmacist and army general who fought in the Philippine–American War حتى أغتيل في 5 يونيو 1899 في عمر 32 عاماً.

Regarded as one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Commanding General of the Philippine Army. He sought to apply his background in military science to the fledgling army. A sharpshooter himself, he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later named the "Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard" with Senyor Michael Joaquin. His three-tier defense, now known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a difficult endeavor during their campaign in the provinces north of Manila. This defense line culminated in the creation of a military stronghold in the Cordillera.

Despite his commitment to discipline the army and serve the Republic which attracted the admiration of the people, his temper and fiery outlashes caused some to abhor him, including people from Aguinaldo's Cabinet. Nevertheless, Luna's efforts were not without recognition during his time, for he was awarded the Philippine Republic Medal in 1899. He was also a member of the Malolos Congress. Besides his military studies, Luna also studied pharmacology, literature, and chemistry.

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 خلفية العائلة

Luna (left) and brother Juan Luna

Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was born on October 29, 1866, at their house along Calle Urbiztondo (renamed Barraca Street) in Binondo (now part of San Nicolas), Manila. He was the youngest of seven children of Joaquín Luna de San Pedro y Posadas (1829–1891) from Badoc and Spanish mestiza Laureana Novicio y Ancheta (1836–1906) from Namacpacan, La Union (now Luna). His father was a traveling salesman of the government tobacco monopoly. The tobacco monopoly was formally established in 1782. After their family moved to Manila in 1861, his father became a merchant in Binondo.

 الأشقاء

His older brother, Juan, was an accomplished painter who studied in the Madrid Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. His Spoliarium garnered one of the three gold medals awarded in the Madrid Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884. Another brother, José, became a doctor. Yet another brother, Joaquín, fought with Antonio in the Philippine–American War, and later served as governor of La Union from 1904 to 1907. Joaquín would also serve as a senator from 1916 to 1919. His three other siblings were Numeriana, Manuel, and Remedios.

 الحياة المبكرة

Luna (sitting, 2nd from left) and some of his scholars of Sala de Armas, a fencing club which was located in Sampaloc, Manila

كان أنطونيو طالباً موهوباً درس مع معلم يدعى مايسترو إنتونغ منذ أن كان في السادسة من عمره وحصل على درجة البكالوريوس في الفنون من Ateneo Municipal de Manila في عام 1881 قبل مواصلة دراسته في الكيمياء والموسيقى والأدب في جامعة سانتو توماس.

في عام 1890 ، سافر أنطونيو إلى إسبانيا للانضمام إلى أخيه خوان ، الذي كان يدرس الرسم في مدريد. هناك ، حصل أنطونيو على شهادة في الصيدلة في جامعة برشلونة ، تليها درجة الدكتوراه من جامعة وسط مدريد.

ذهب لدراسة علم الجراثيم وعلم الأنسجة في معهد باستور في باريس واستمر في بلجيكا لمواصلة هذه المساعي. وأثناء وجوده في إسبانيا ، نشر لونا بحثًا جيدًا عن الملاريا ، لذلك عينته الحكومة الإسبانية في عام 1894 لمنصب متخصص في الأمراض المعدية والمدارية.

 الإنجازات العلمية

Antonio Luna poses with a microscope at the Institut Pasteur in Paris.

Luna was active as a researcher in the scientific community. After receiving his doctorate in 1893, he published a scientific treatise on malaria entitled On Malarial Pathology (El Hematozoario del Paludismo), which was favorably received in the scientific community. He then went to Belgium and France and worked as an assistant to Dr. Latteaux at the Pasteur Institute and to Dr. Laffen. In recognition of his ability, he was commissioned by the Spanish government to study tropical and communicable diseases. In 1894, he returned to the Philippines where he took part in an examination to determine who would become the chief chemist of the Municipal Laboratory of Manila. Luna came in first and won the position.

 حركة الپروپاگندا

Luna with fellow reformists Eduardo de Lete (center) and Marcelo H. del Pilar (right), Spain, 1890

في وقت لاحق من نفس العام ، عاد أنطونيو لونا إلى الفلبين حيث أصبح الكيميائي الرئيسي لمختبر البلدية في مانيلا. أسس هو وشقيقه خوان مجتمع سياج يدعى سالا دي أرماس في العاصمة.

بينما كان هناك ، اقترب الأخوان من الانضمام إلى كاتيبونان ، وهي منظمة ثورية قام بتأسيسها أندريس بونيفاسيو رداً على طرد خوسيه ريزال عام 1892 ، لكن أخوين لونا رفضا المشاركة - في تلك المرحلة ، آمنتا بإصلاح تدريجي للنظام بدلاً من ثورة عنيفة ضد الحكم الاستعماري الإسباني.

على الرغم من أنهم لم يكونوا أعضاء في كاتيبونان ، فقد تم القبض على أنطونيو وخوان وأخوه خوسيه وسجنوا في أغسطس 1896 عندما علم الإسبان أن المنظمة موجودة. تم استجواب إخوانه وإطلاق سراحهم ، لكن أنطونيو حكم عليه بالنفي في إسبانيا وسجن في Carcel Modelo de Madrid. استخدم خوان ، في هذا الوقت رسامًا شهيرًا ، علاقاته مع العائلة المالكة الإسبانية لتأمين إطلاق سراح أنطونيو في عام 1897.

بعد نفيه وسجنه ، من المفهوم أن موقف أنطونيو لونا تجاه الحكم الاستعماري الإسباني قد تحول - بسبب المعاملة التعسفية لنفسه وإخوانه وإعدام صديقه خوسيه ريزال في ديسمبر / كانون الأول السابق ، كانت لونا على استعداد لحمل السلاح ضد إسبانيا.

في أسلوبه الأكاديمي عادة ، قرر لونا دراسة تكتيكات حرب العصابات ، والتنظيم العسكري ، والإغناء الميداني تحت إشراف المعلم العسكري البلجيكي الشهير جيرارد ليمان قبل أن يرحل إلى هونغ كونغ. هناك ، التقى الزعيم الثوري في المنفى ، إميليو أغوينالدو وفي يوليو من عام 1898 ، عاد لونا إلى الفلبين لتولي القتال مرة أخرى.

 الجنرال أنطونيو لونا

مع اقتراب الحرب الإسبانية / الأمريكية ، والإسبانية المهزومة على استعداد للانسحاب من الفلبين ، حاصرت القوات الثورية الفلبينية العاصمة مانيلا. وحث الضابط الذي وصل حديثاً أنطونيو لونا القادة الآخرين على إرسال قوات إلى المدينة لضمان وجود احتلال مشترك عند وصول الأمريكيين ، لكن إميليو أغوينالدو رفض ، مؤمناً أن ضباط البحرية الأمريكية المتمركزين في خليج مانيلا سيسلمون السلطة إلى الفلبينيين في الوقت المناسب. .

اشتكى لونا بشدة من هذا الخطأ الإستراتيجي ، بالإضافة إلى السلوك غير المنظم للقوات الأمريكية عندما هبطت في مانيلا في منتصف أغسطس من عام 1898. لتهدئة لونا ، روجته أجوينالدو إلى رتبة العميد في 26 سبتمبر 1898 ، وسميت له رئيس عمليات الحرب.

واصل الجنرال لونا حملة من أجل تحسين الانضباط العسكري ، والتنظيم ، والنهج بالنسبة للأميركيين ، الذين وضعوا أنفسهم الآن كحكام استعماريين جدد. جنبا إلى جنب مع أبوليناريو مابيني ، حذر أنطونيو لونا أجوينالدو من أن الأمريكيين لا يبدو أنهم يميلون إلى تحرير الفلبين.

شعر الجنرال لونا بالحاجة إلى أكاديمية عسكرية لتدريب القوات الفلبينية بشكل صحيح ، الذين كانوا متلهفين في كثير من الحالات في حرب العصابات ولكنهم لم يتلقوا تدريبا عسكريا رسميا. في أكتوبر من عام 1898 ، أسس لونا ما يعرف الآن بالأكاديمية العسكرية الفلبينية ، التي عملت لمدة أقل من نصف عام قبل اندلاع الحرب الفلبينية الأمريكية في فبراير عام 1899 وتم تعليق الدروس بحيث يمكن للموظفين والطلاب الانضمام إلى المجهود الحربي.

 الحياة الشخصية

Luna courted Nellie Boustead, a woman who was also courted by José Rizal, between 1889 and 1891. Boustead was reportedly infatuated with Rizal. At a party held by Filipinos, a drunk Antonio Luna made unsavory remarks against Boustead. This prompted Rizal to challenge Luna to a duel. However, Luna apologized to Rizal, thus averting a duel between the compatriots.

 الحرب الفلبينية الأمريكية

أنطونيو لونا

 قبل الحرب

Since June 1898, Manila had been surrounded by the revolutionary troops. Colonel Luciano San Miguel occupied Mandaluyong, General Pío del Pilar advanced through Sampaloc and attacked Puente Colgante, causing the enemy to fall back, General Mariano Noriel, Parañaque, Colonel Enrique Pacheco, Navotas, Tambobong and Caloocan. General Gregorio del Pilar took charge of Pantaleon Garcia's force when the latter was wounded, taking Pritil, Tondo, Divisoria, and Paseo de Azcárraga, Noriel cleared Singalong and Paco, and held Ermita and Malate. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of Intramuros. Which the Americans heeded, But after one month of dual occupation, Aguinaldo withdrew his forces when General Wesley Merritt and Commodore (later Admiral) George Dewey, whose fleet had moored in Manila Bay after being threatened of an unwanted conflict between Filipinos and Americans, plus the telegram from General Elwell Otis that if Aguinaldo did not pull his forces back, he will be obliged to resort to forcible action. When Luna was on the trenches, he ordered his troops to fire on the Americans. After the chaos following the American occupation, at a meeting in Ermita, Luna tried to complain to American officers about the disorderly conduct of their soldiers.

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 اندلاع الحرب

American soldiers of the 1st Nebraska Volunteers, Company B, during the Battle of Manila

The Americans gained the time and the opportunity to start hostilities with the Filipinos at the place and time of their choice. On the night of February 4, 1899, when most of the Filipino generals were at a ball in Malolos to celebrate the success of the American anti-imperialists delaying the ratification of the Treaty of Paris, the Americans staged an incident along the concrete blockhouses in Santa Mesa near the Balsahan Bridge. An American patrol fired on Filipino troops, claiming afterward that the Filipinos had started shooting first. The whole Filipino line from Pasay to Caloocan returned fire and the first battle of the Filipino-American War ensued. Two days later, in response to the incident, the US Senate voted for annexation. In doing so, the conflict became the war of conquest, occupation, and annexation that Luna, Mabini, and others had predicted and about which they had warned Aguinaldo and his generals previously.

Luna, after receiving orders from Aguinaldo, rushed to the front lines from his headquarters at Polo (present-day Valenzuela City) and led three companies to La Loma to engage General Arthur MacArthur's forces. Fighting took place at Marikina, Caloocan, Santa Ana, and Paco. The Filipinos were subjected to a carefully planned attack with naval artillery, with Admiral George Dewey's US fleet firing from Manila Bay. Filipino casualties were high, amounting to around 2,000 killed and wounded. Luna personally had to carry wounded officers and men to safety; of these, the most dramatic rescue was that of Commander José Torres Bugallón. After being hit by an American bullet, Bugallón had managed to advance another fifty meters before he was seen by Luna collapsing by the side of the road. As the Americans continued their fire on the road, Luna gathered an escort of around 25 men to save Bugallón, who Luna stated was equivalent to 500 men. Surviving the encounter, Luna encouraged Bugallón to live by giving them an instant promotion to lieutenant colonel. However, Bugallón succumbed to his wounds.

On February 7, Luna issued a detailed order to the field officers of the territorial militia. Containing five specific objects, it began with "Under the barbarous attack upon our army on February 4", and ended with "...war without quarter to false Americans who wish to enslave us. Independence or death!" The order labeled the US forces "an army of drunkards and thieves" in response to the continued bombardment of the towns around Manila, the burning and looting of whole districts, and the raping of Filipino women by US troops.

When Luna saw that the American advance had halted, mainly to stabilize their lines, he again mobilized his troops to attack La Loma on February 10. Fierce fighting ensued but the Filipinos were forced to withdraw thereafter. Caloocan has left with American forces in control of the southern terminus of the Manila to Dagupan railway, along with five engines, fifty passenger coaches, and a hundred freight cars. After consolidating control of Caloocan, the obvious next objective for American forces would be the Republic capital at Malolos. However, General Elwell Otis delayed for almost a month in hopes that Filipino forces would be deployed in its defense.

Nevertheless, with their superior firepower and newly arrived reinforcements, the Americans had not expected such resistance. They were so surprised that an urgent cable was sent to General Henry Lawton who was in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), with his troops. Illustrating the concern that the Americans had. The telegram stated, "Situation critical in Manila. Your early arrival great importance."

 المزيد من العمليات أثناء الحرب

General Tomás Mascardo, military commander of Pampanga

قاد الجنرال لونا ثلاث سرايا من الجنود لمهاجمة الأمريكيين في لا لوما حيث قوبلت بقوات برية ونيران مدفعية بحرية من الأسطول في خليج مانيلا - عانى الفلبينيون من خسائر فادحة.

حصل هجوم مضاد فلبيني في 23 فبراير الماضي على بعض الأرض لكنه انهار عندما رفض جنود من كافيت أن يأخذوا أوامر من الجنرال لونا ، مشيرًا إلى أنهم سيطيعون فقط أجوينالدو نفسه. غاضبًا ، قام لونا بنزع سلاح الجنود المتعصبين ، لكنه اضطر للتراجع.

بعد عدة تجارب سيئة إضافية مع القوات الفلبينية غير المنضبطة والعراقية ، وبعد أن أعاد اجينالدو قوات الكافيت العاصية كحرسه الرئاسي الشخصي ، قدم الجنرال لونا استقالته إلى أجوينالدو ، والذي قبله اجوينالدو على مضض. مع استمرار الحرب بشكل سيئ للغاية بالنسبة للفلبين على مدى الأسابيع الثلاثة القادمة ، ومع ذلك ، أقنع أجينالدو لونا بالعودة وجعله القائد العام للقوات المسلحة.

وضعت لونا ونفذت خطة لاحتواء الأميركيين لفترة كافية لبناء قاعدة حرب العصابات في الجبال. تألفت الخطة من شبكة من خنادق الخيزران ، مكتملة بمصائد بشرية شائكة وحفر مليئة بالثعابين السامة ، والتي امتدت إلى الغابة من قرية إلى أخرى. يمكن أن تطلق القوات الفلبينية النار على الأمريكيين من خط لونا الدفاعي ، ومن ثم تتوغل في الغابة دون تعريض أنفسهم للنيران الأمريكية.

 رماة لونا والحرس الأسود

المقالة الرئيسية: رماة لونا

The Luna Sharpshooters was a short-lived unit formed by Luna to serve under the Philippine Revolutionary Army. On February 11, eight infantrymen, formerly under Captains Márquez and Jaro, were sent by then-Secretary of War Baldomero Aguinaldo to Luna, then-Assistant Secretary of War. The infantrymen were disarmed by the Americans. So, they journeyed to be commissioned in the regular Filipino army. Seeing their desire to serve in the army, Luna took them in and from their group grew and emerged as the Luna Sharpshooters. The sharpshooters became famous for their fierce fighting and proved their worth by being the usual spearheading unit in every major battle in the Philippine–American War. After the Battle of Calumpit on April 25–27, 1899, only seven or eight remained in the regular Filipino army. In the Battle of Paye on December 18, 1899, a Filipino sharpshooter, Private Bonifacio Mariano, under the command of General Licerio Gerónimo killed General Henry Ware Lawton, making the latter the highest-ranking casualty during the course of the war.

Luna also formed other units similar to the sharpshooters. One was the unit, which would later be named after Bugallón, commanded by Rosendo Simón de Pajarillo. The unit emerged from a group of ten men wanting to volunteer in the regular Filipino army. Luna, still thinking of the defeat at the Battle of Caloocan, sent the men away at first. However, he soon changed his mind and decided to give the men an initiation. After taking breakfast, he ordered a subordinate, Colonel Queri, to prepare arms and ammunition for the ten men. Then, the men boarded a train destined towards Malinta, which was American-held territory. After giving orders to the men, he let them go and watched them with his telescope. The men, succeeding their mission, eventually returned unharmed. Admiring their bravery, he organized them into a guerrilla unit of around 50 members. This unit would see action in the Second Battle of Caloocan.

Another elite unit was the Black Guard, a 25-man guerrilla unit under a certain Lieutenant García. García, one of Luna's favorites, was a modest but brave soldier. His unit was tasked to approach the enemy by surprise and quickly return to camp. Luna had admired García's unit very much that he wanted to increase their size. However, García declined the offer. He believed that a larger force might undermine the efficiency of their work. Jose Alejandrino, the chief army engineer and one of Luna's aides, stated that he never heard of García and his unit again after Luna's resignation on February 28.

 مؤامرة بين الرتب

ومع ذلك ، في أواخر مايو ، حذره شقيق أنطونيو لونا جواكين - وهو عقيد في الجيش الثوري - من أن عددا من الضباط الآخرين كانوا يتآمرون لقتله. وأمر الجنرال لونا بأن يتم تأديب العديد من هؤلاء الضباط أو اعتقالهم أو نزع أسلحتهم واستاءوا بمرارة من أسلوبه الشمولي الجامد ، لكن أنطونيو ألقى الضوء على تحذير أخيه وطمأنه بأن الرئيس أجوينالدو لن يسمح لأحد باغتيال قائد الجيش. -رئيس.

على العكس من ذلك ، تلقى الجنرال لونا برقيتين في الثاني من يونيو عام 1899. وطلب منه الأول الانضمام إلى هجوم مضاد ضد الأمريكيين في سان فرناندو ، وبامبانجا ، والثاني من أغوينالدو ، يأمر لونا بالعاصمة الجديدة ، كاباناتوان ، نويفا إيسيجا ، نحو 120 كيلومترا شمال مانيلا ، حيث كانت الحكومة الثورية الفلبينية تشكيل حكومة جديدة.

قرر لونا ، الطموح والمتفائل بأنه تم تعيينه رئيساً للوزراء ، الذهاب إلى نويفا إيسيخا بمرافقة سلاح الفرسان من 25 رجلاً. ومع ذلك ، وبسبب صعوبات النقل ، وصل لونا إلى نويفا إيسيجا برفقة ضابطين آخرين هما الكولونيل رومان والكابتن روسكا ، مع ترك القوات وراءهما.

 الاغتيال وأعقابه

Colonel Francisco Román, Luna's aide-de-camp, was assassinated with him.

On June 2, 1899, Luna received two telegrams (initially four, but he never received the last two) – one asked for help in launching a counterattack in San Fernando, Pampanga; and the other, sent by Aguinaldo himself, ordered him to go to the new capital at Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to form a new cabinet. In his jubilation, Luna wrote Arcadio Maxilom, military commander of Cebu, to stand firm in the war. Luna set off from Bayambang, first by train, then on horseback, and eventually in three carriages to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men. During the journey, two of the carriages broke down, so he proceeded with just one carriage with Colonel Francisco Román and Captain Eduardo Rusca, having earlier shed his cavalry escort. On June 4, Luna sent a telegram to Aguinaldo confirming his arrival. Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna proceeded alone to the church in Cabanatuan, where the headquarters was located, to communicate with the President. As he went up the stairs, he ran into an officer whom he had previously disarmed for insubordination: Captain Pedro Janolino, commander of the Kawit Battalion, and an old enemy whom he had once threatened with arrest for favoring American autonomy. Captain Janolino was accompanied by Felipe Buencamino, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and a member of the Cabinet. He was told that Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro in Nueva Ecija (he actually went to Bamban, Tarlac). Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been told that the meeting was canceled.

في الخامس من يونيو عام 1899، ذهب لونا بمفرده إلى مقر الحكومة للتحدث مع الرئيس أجوينالدو ، ولكن قابله أحد أعدائه القدامى هناك - رجل كان قد نزع سلاحه مرة واحدة عن الجبن ، الذي أخبره أن الاجتماع ألغي وأن أكونالدو كان خارج المدينة. غاضبًا ، بدأ لونا في السير على الدرج عندما انفجرت رصاصة بندقية خارجًا.

ركض لونا على الدرج ، حيث التقى أحد ضباط الكافيت الذي رفضه بتهمة العصيان. وضرب الضابط لونا على رأسه بنفخه وسرعان ما طافت قوات الكافيتيه الجنرال المصاب بطعنه. رسم لونا مسدسه وأطلق النار ، لكنه غاب عن مهاجميه.

Historical marker installed by the National Historical Commission in 1966 in front of Plaza Lucero to mark the place where Luna was assassinated

Both exchanged heated words as he was about to depart. At Plaza Lucero, fronting the church of Cabanatuan, a rifle shot rang out. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down the stairs and met Janolino, accompanied by some elements of the Kawit Battalion. Janolino swung his bolo at Luna, wounding him in the head. Janolino's men fired at Luna, while others started stabbing him, even as he tried to fire his revolver at one of his attackers. He staggered out into the plaza where Román and Rusca were rushing to his aid, but as he lay dying, they too were set upon and shot, with Román being killed and Rusca being severely wounded. Luna received more than 30 wounds, and uttered "Cowards! Assassins!" He was hurriedly buried in the churchyard, after which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's officers and men from the field, including General Venacio Concepción, whose headquarters in Angeles, Pampanga was besieged by Aguinaldo on the same day Luna was assassinated.

Immediately after Luna's death, confusion reigned on both sides. The Americans even thought Luna had taken over to replace Aguinaldo. Luna's death was publicly declared only by June 8, and a circular providing details of the event released by June 13. While investigations were supposedly made concerning Luna's death, not one person was convicted. Later, General Pantaleon García said that it was he who was verbally ordered by Aguinaldo to conduct the assassination of Luna at Cabanatuan. His sickness at the time prevented his participation in the assassination. Aguinaldo would be firm in his stand that he had nothing to do with the assassination of Luna.

Felipe Buencamino succeeded Apolinario Mabini as Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the First Philippine Republic.

The death of Luna, acknowledged to be the most brilliant and capable of the Filipino generals at the time, was a decisive factor in the fight against the American forces. Despite mixed reactions on both the Filipino and American sides on the death of Luna, there are people from both sides who nevertheless developed an admiration for him. General Frederick Funston, who captured Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela, stated that Luna was the "ablest and most aggressive leader of the Filipino Republic." For General James Franklin Bell, Luna "was the only general the Filipino army had." General Robert Hughes remarked that "with the death of General Luna, the Filipino army lost the only General it had." Meanwhile, Apolinario Mabini, former Prime Minister and Secretary of Foreign Affairs, had this to say: "If he was sometimes hasty and even cruel in his resolution, it was because the army had been brought to a desperate situation by the demoralization of the soldiers and the lack of ammunitions: nothing but action of rash courage and extraordinary energy could hinder its dissolution." Of the Filipino armed forces organized during Luna's service in the army, Major General Henry Ware Lawton commented, "Filipinos are a very fine set of soldiers, far better than the Indians... Inferior in every particular equipment and supplies, they are the bravest men I have ever seen... I'm very well impressed with the Filipinos!" Lawton later recanted this statement.

Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, disastrous losses in the field, as he retreated northwards. On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo decided to disperse his army and begin conducting a guerrilla war. General José Alejandrino, one of Luna's remaining aides, stated in his memoirs that if Luna had been able to finish the planned military camp in the Mountain Province and had shifted to guerrilla warfare earlier as Luna had suggested, Aguinaldo might have avoided having to run for his life in the Cordillera Mountains. For historian Teodoro Agoncillo, however, Luna's death did not directly contribute to the resulting fall of the Republic. In his book, Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, Agoncillo stated that the loss of Luna showed the existence of a lack of discipline among the regular Filipino soldiers and it was a major weakness that was never remedied during the course of the war. Also, soldiers connected with Luna were demoralized and as a result eventually surrendered to the Americans. Despite Aguinaldo denying the allegation of his being involved in Luna's death multiple times, an original copy of the telegram that was sent to Luna was discovered in 2018 showing the order for Luna to visit Cabanatuan, yet in recent studies and research about the telegram only gives more questions rather than answer that led to Luna's death.

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 تخليد ذكراه

English series ₱50 bill

The future BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151)

Antonio Luna monument in Badoc

• The famous University of the Philippines Diliman Sunken Garden was named General Antonio Luna Parade Grounds.
• The municipalities of General Luna, Quezon and General Luna, Surigao del Norte are named after Luna.
• Variants of "General Luna Street", like "Rizal Street", is one of the most common street names in the Philippines:
  • General Antonio Luna Avenue, a two-lane national road in San Mateo, Rizal, was named after Luna.
  • General Luna Street, stretching from Intramuros to Paco in the Manila, was named after Luna. Formerly Calle Real del Palacio (Intramuros) and Calle Nozaleda (Ermita-Paco), the whole stretch was integrated into one and was renamed Calle Gen. Luna during the American period.
• General Antonio Luna, a barrio in Mayorga, Leyte, is named after Luna.
• Hingoso, a town in the province of Quezon (formerly Tayabas), was renamed to General Luna, in honor of Luna.
• In 1951, the first postwar Philippine fifty peso bill featured a portrait of Luna until it was replaced in 1969 by a portrait of Sergio Osmeña.
• In 1958, a stamp featuring Luna was released on his 92nd birth anniversary.
• After the 102nd anniversary of Luna's birth (1968), former President Ferdinand Marcos delivered a speech about the general. He said that Luna's guerrilla tactics preceded that of China's Mao Zedong and Vietnam's Võ Nguyên Giáp and Ho Chi Minh.
• In 1999, the second and last of the General Emilio Aguinaldo-class patrol vessels was commissioned by the Philippine Navy. It was named قالب:BRP. A second ship of the Jose Rizal، طراز frigates, acquired from South Korea, is named after Luna, the قالب:BRP.
• A monument of Luna was erected at Plaza Lucero in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija.
• Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim led a commemorative program on Luna's 144th birth anniversary (2010).
• A Philippine military base, Camp Antonio Luna in Limay, Bataan, was named after the general. It is currently the Office of the Director of the Government Arsenal.
• The defunct Philippine Constabulary Academy had a building known as Luna Hall.
• "General Luna" a march by Julián Felipe in honor of General Luna.
• "Kabanatuan" is a funeral march by Julio Nakpil dedicated to General Luna who was assassinated in Cabanatuan.

 In popular culture

• Portrayed by Christopher de Leon in the film El Presidente (2012).
• Portrayed by JC Tiuseco in the TV series Ilustrado (2014).
• Portrayed by Marc Abaya and John Arcilla in the film Heneral Luna (2015).
  • Arcilla reprised the role for KFC Philippines's Christmas advertising campaign by Ogilvy & Mather in 2017.

 References

 Books

• Agoncillo, Teodoro. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: C & E Publishing.
• Agoncillo, Teodoro (1974). Introduction to Filipino History.
• Agoncillo, Teodoro (1960). Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978-971-542-096-9.
• Jimenez, Ruby Rosa A. (2015). Heneral Luna: The History Behind the Movie. Mandaluyong: Anvil Publishing.
• Jose, Vivencio R. (1972). The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna. University of the Philippines. ISBN 978-971-17-0700-2.
• Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). The development of Philippine politics. Oriental Commercial. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
• Linn, Brian McAllister (2000a). The Philippine War, 1899–1902. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1225-3.
• Linn, Brian McAllister (2000b). The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-4948-4.
• Ocampo, Ambeth (2010). Looking Back. Anvil Publishing. ISBN 978-971-27-2336-0.

 مصادر

https://eferrit.com/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88/

 Further reading

• Guerrero, Angel (1933). Biag ni General Antonio Luna. Manila: Service Press.
• Ocampo, Ambeth (2015). Looking Back 10: Two Lunas, Two Mabinis. Pasig: Anvil Press.

 External links

• Ambeth Ocampo, "The way Antonio Luna died", Opinion, September 11, 2015, Philippine Daily Inquirer.
• "History: General Antonio Luna, great soldier, scientist". Manila Bulletin. October 29, 2014. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2015.

مناصب عسكرية
سبقه Artemio Ricarte	Commanding General of the Philippine Revolutionary Army 1899	تبعه Emilio Aguinaldo
مناصب سياسية
منصب حديث	Assistant Secretary of War 1898–1899	تبعه Ambrosio Flores