أشكال عظميات اللسان

أشكال عظميات اللسان
Temporal range: Late Jurassic–Recent
Arapaima (Arapaima gigas).jpg
أراپايما (Arapaima gigas)
التصنيف العلمي e
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): Osteoglossomorpha
Orders

and see text

أشكال عظميات اللسان Osteoglossomorpha هي مجموعة من الأسماك العظمية في مكتملات العظام.

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أعضاء بارزون

أحد الأعضاء البارزين في المجموعة هو سمك أراپايما (Arapaima gigas)، أكبر أسماك الماء العذب في أمريكا الجنوبية and one of the largest bony fishes alive. Other notable members include the bizarre freshwater elephantfishes of family Mormyridae.


نظاميات

Most osteoglossomorph lineages are extinct today. Only the somewhat diverse "bone-tongues" (Osteoglossiformes) and two species of mooneyes (Hiodontiformes) remain.[1][2][3]

The Ichthyodectiform fishes from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were once classified as osteoglossomorphs, but are now generally recognized as stem teleosts.[1][4]

السلالة

Phylogeny based on the following works:[5][6][7]

Osteoglossomorpha

Hiodontiformes

Hiodontidae

Osteoglossiformes

Pantodontoidei

Pantodontidae

Osteoglossoidei

Osteoglossidae

Notopteroidei

Notopteroidea

Notopteridae

Mormyroidea

Gymnarchidae

Mormyridae

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
  2. ^ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Osteoglossomorpha – bony-tongue fishes and relatives". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  3. ^ van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Hilton, Eric J. (2003). "Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 137: 1–100. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00032.x.
  5. ^ Betancur-Rodriguez, R.; et al. (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Deepfin. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  6. ^ Lavoué, S., Sullivan J. P., & Hopkins C. D. (2003): Phylogenetic utility of the first two introns of the S7 ribosomal protein gene in African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and congruence with other molecular markers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 78, 273-292. PDF Archived 2014-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Sullivan, J. P., Lavoué S., & Hopkins C. D. (2000): Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. Journal of Experimental Biology. 203, 665-683. PDF Archived 2014-10-30 at the Wayback Machine



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