هيستون
الهيستونات، في علم الأحياء ، هي مجموعة البروتينات الأساسية للصبغين (الكروماتين) chromatin الموجودة ضمن الصبغيات Chromosomes . تتواجد الهستونات ضمن صبغين الخلايا حقيقية النوى ، و لا تتواجد عند الجراثيم ، لكنها مع ذلك تتواجد عند بعض الجراثيم القديمة Archaea . تعتبر هذه الهستونات الأرشية الأصل التطوري للهستونات الموجودة عند حقيقيات النوى .
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الصفوف
| ||
| PDB rendering of H2AFJ based on 1aoi. | ||
Core histone H2A/H2B/H3/H4
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| المميزات | ||
| الرمز | Histone | |
| Pfam | PF00125 | |
| InterPro | IPR007125 | |
| SCOP | 1hio | |
| توجد بُنى في PDB:
1eqz, 1f66, 1hq3, 1id3, 1kx3, 1kx4, 1kx5, 1m18, 1m19, 1m1a, 1p34, 1p3a, 1p3b, 1p3f, 1p3g, 1p3i, 1p3k, 1p3l, 1p3m, 1p3o, 1p3p, 1q9c, 1s32, 1tyz, 1u35, 2aro, 2cv5, 2hio | ||
| ||
| PDB rendering of HIST1H1B based on 1ghc. | ||
linker histone H1 and H5 family
| ||
| المميزات | ||
| الرمز | Linker_histone | |
| Pfam | PF00538 | |
| InterPro | IPR005818 | |
| SMART | SM00526 | |
| SCOP | 1hst | |
| توجد بُنى في PDB: | ||
خمس صفوف للهيستونات الرئيسية معروفة: H1/H5, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.[1][2][3] Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are known as the core histones, while histones H1 and H5 are known as the linker histones.
The following is a list of human histone proteins:
| Super family | Family | Subfamily | Members |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linker | |||
| H1 | |||
| H1F | H1F0, H1FNT, H1FOO, H1FX | ||
| H1H1 | HIST1H1A, HIST1H1B, HIST1H1C, HIST1H1D, HIST1H1E, HIST1H1T | ||
| Core | |||
| H2A | |||
| H2AF | H2AFB1, H2AFB2, H2AFB3, H2AFJ, H2AFV, H2AFX, H2AFY, H2AFY2, H2AFZ | ||
| H2A1 | HIST1H2AA, HIST1H2AB, HIST1H2AC, HIST1H2AD, HIST1H2AE, HIST1H2AG, HIST1H2AI, HIST1H2AJ, HIST1H2AK, HIST1H2AL, HIST1H2AM | ||
| H2A2 | HIST2H2AA3, HIST2H2AC | ||
| H2B | |||
| H2BF | H2BFM, H2BFS, H2BFWT | ||
| H2B1 | HIST1H2BA, HIST1H2BB, HIST1H2BC, HIST1H2BD, HIST1H2BE, HIST1H2BF, HIST1H2BG, HIST1H2BH, HIST1H2BI, HIST1H2BJ, HIST1H2BK, HIST1H2BL, HIST1H2BM, HIST1H2BN, HIST1H2BO | ||
| H2B2 | HIST2H2BE | ||
| H3 | |||
| H3A1 | HIST1H3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, HIST1H3D, HIST1H3E, HIST1H3F, HIST1H3G, HIST1H3H, HIST1H3I, HIST1H3J | ||
| H3A2 | HIST2H3C | ||
| H3A3 | HIST3H3 | ||
| H4 | |||
| H41 | HIST1H4A, HIST1H4B, HIST1H4C, HIST1H4D, HIST1H4E, HIST1H4F, HIST1H4G, HIST1H4H, HIST1H4I, HIST1H4J, HIST1H4K, HIST1H4L | ||
| H44 | HIST4H4 |
التأثير على التعبير الجيني في خلايا الثدييات
| نوع التعديل | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [4][5][6][7] | H3K4 | H3K9 | H3K27 | H3K79 | H4K20 | H2BK5 |
| monomethylation | activation[5] | activation[4] | activation[4] | activation[4][6] | activation[4] | activation[4] |
| dimethylation | activation[6] | |||||
| trimethylations | activation[7] | repression[4] | repression[4] | repression[4]activation[6] | ||
| H3K9 | H3K14 | |||||
| acetylation | activation[7] | activation[7] |
التاريخ
الهيستونات اكتشفهم عام 1884 العالم الألماني البرخت كوسل.
طالع أيضاً
- Nucleosome
- كروماتين
- Histone-Modifying Enzymes
- Histone deacetylase
- PRMT4 pathway
- Gene silencing
- علم الجينات
- Histone methyltransferase
- Histone acetyltransferase
المصادر
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةNelson&Cox - ^ Bhasin M, Reinherz EL, Reche PA (2006). "Recognition and classification of histones using support vector machine". J. Comput. Biol. 13 (1): 102–12. doi:10.1089/cmb.2006.13.102. PMID 16472024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hartl, Daniel L.; Freifelder, David; Snyder, Leon A. (1988). Basic Genetics. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 0-86720-090-1.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K; et al. (2007). "High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome". Cell. 129 (4): 823–37. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.009. PMID 17512414.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ أ ب Benevolenskaya EV (2007). "Histone H3K4 demethylases are essential in development and differentiation". Biochem. Cell Biol. 85 (4): 435–43. doi:10.1139/o07-057. PMID 17713579.
- ^ أ ب ت ث Steger DJ, Lefterova MI, Ying L; et al. (2008). "DOT1L/KMT4 recruitment and H3K79 methylation are ubiquitously coupled with gene transcription in mammalian cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 28 (8): 2825–39. doi:10.1128/MCB.02076-07. PMID 18285465.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ أ ب ت ث Koch CM, Andrews RM, Flicek P; et al. (2007). "The landscape of histone modifications across 1% of the human genome in five human cell lines". Genome Res. 17 (6): 691–707. doi:10.1101/gr.5704207. PMID 17567990.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
وصلات خارجية