الخبز والسيرك
الخبز والسيرك (إنگليزية: Bread and circuses (أو الخبز والألعاب (إنگليزية: bread and games؛ من لاتينية: panem et circenses)، هو مصطلح كناية يشير إلى الترضية السطحية. يُنسب للشاعر الروماني جوڤنال، من أواخر القرن الأول وأوائل القرن الثاني الميلادي، ويشيع استخدامه في السياقات الثقافية، والسياسية بشكل خاص.
In a political context, the phrase means to generate public approval, not by excellence in public service or public policy, but by diversion, distraction or by satisfying the most immediate or base requirements of a populace[1] — by offering a palliative: for example food (bread) or entertainment (سيرك).
Juvenal, who originated the phrase, used it to decry the "selfishness" of common people and their neglect of wider concerns.[2][3][4] The phrase implies a population's erosion or ignorance of civic duty as a priority.[5]
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روما القديمة
This phrase originates from Rome in Satire X of the Roman satirical poet Juvenal (c. CE 100). In context, the Latin panem et circenses (bread and circuses) identifies the only remaining interest of a Roman populace which no longer cares for its historical birthright of political involvement. Here Juvenal displays his contempt for the declining heroism of contemporary Romans, using a range of different themes including lust for power and desire for old age to illustrate his argument.[6] Roman politicians passed laws in 140 CE to keep the votes of poorer citizens, by introducing a grain dole: giving out cheap food and entertainment, "bread and circuses", became the most effective way to rise to power.
[...] iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli / uendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim / imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se / continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, / panem et circenses. [...] |
... Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time handed out military command, high civil office, legions — everything, now restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: bread and circuses.[7] |
| —Juvenal, Satire 10.77–81 |
Juvenal here makes reference to the Roman practice of providing free wheat to Roman citizens as well as costly ألعاب السيرك and other forms of entertainment as a means of gaining سلطة سياسية. أنـّونا Annona (إعانة الحبوب) بدأت بتحريض من السياسي الشعبوي گايوس سمپرونيوس گراكوس في 123 ق.م.؛ فقد ظلت موضع نزاع سياسي حتى أُخـِذت تحت سيطرة الأباطرة الرومان الأوتوقراطيين.
انظر أيضاً
الهوامش
- ^ "Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary".
- ^ Juvenal's literary and cultural influence (Book IV: Satire 10.81)
- ^ "American Heritage Dictionary: to placate or distract". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05.
- ^ Infoplease Dictionary as pacification or diversion.
- ^ "Bread, circuses and our disappearing city". Newcastle Herald. Newcastle NSW Australia. 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
- ^ Hirsch, Kett, & Trefil (1993). The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin.
- ^ By J. P. Toner full quote at p.69. For us in the modern world, leisure is secondary to work, but in ancient Rome leisure was central to social life] and an integral part of its history.
المصادر
- Potter, D. and D. Mattingly, Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor (1999).
- Rickman, G., The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome Oxford (1980).
قراءات إضافية
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Articles containing إنگليزية-language text
- Articles containing لاتينية-language text
- Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
- English phrases
- ثقافة رومانية قديمة
- Crowd psychology
- Latin philosophical phrases
- Metaphors referring to food and drink