أسرة تشان

(تم التحويل من أسرة تران)
لمعلومات عن the dynasty of China، انظر Chen dynasty.

Coordinates: 21°02′15″N 105°50′19″E / 21.03750°N 105.83861°E / 21.03750; 105.83861

Đại Việt

Đại Việt Quốc (大越國)
1225–1400
Map of the Trần dynasty
Map of the Trần dynasty
The territory of Đại Việt in 1306 after the marriage of Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân and Cham king Jaya Simhavarman III. The province of Chau O (Cham: Vuyar) and Chau Ly (Cham: Ulik) was ceded to Đại Việt as dowry.
The territory of Đại Việt in 1306 after the marriage of Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân and Cham king Jaya Simhavarman III. The province of Chau O (Cham: Vuyar) and Chau Ly (Cham: Ulik) was ceded to Đại Việt as dowry.
الوضعInternal imperial system within Chinese tributary[1][2]
(Song 1225–1258)
(Yuan 1258–1368)
(Ming 1368–1400)
العاصمةThăng Long
(1225–1397)
Thanh Hóa (temp)
(1397–1400)
اللغات المشتركةLiterary Chinese[3]
Vietnamese[3]
الدين
Buddhism (official), Taoism, Confucianism
الحكومةMonarchy
Emperor 
• 1226–1258
Trần Thái Tông (first)
• 1278–1293
Trần Nhân Tông
• 1293–1314
Trần Anh Tông
• 1398–1400
Trần Thiếu Đế (last)
Chancellor 
• 1225
Trần Thủ Độ (first)
• 
Trần Quốc Toản
• 
Trần Khánh Dư
• 
Trần Quang Khải
• 1387
Hồ Quý Ly (last)
الحقبة التاريخيةPostclassical Era
• Coronation of Trần Cảnh
January 10 1225
• Regent of Trần Thừa and Trần Thủ Độ
1226
1258, 1285 and 1287–88
• Coup overthrown of Dương Nhật Lễ
1370
• Trần Thiếu Đế ceded the throne to Hồ Quý Ly
March 23 1400
العملةCopper-alloy cash coins
سبقها		 تلاها
Lý dynasty
Hồ dynasty
اليوم جزء منVietnam
China
Laos
Trần
البلدEmpire of Đại Việt (Vietnam)
تأسست12th century
المؤسسTrần Nhật Cảnh
آخر حاكمTrần Quý Khoáng
الألقاب
الأملاكThăng Long and Thiên Trường
جزء من سلسلة عن
تاريخ ڤيتنام
VietNamToanCanhDuDo.jpg
القديم
أسرة هونگ بانگ 2879 ق.م.–258 ق.م.
أسرة ثوك 257 ق.م.–179 ق.م.
أسرة تيو 204 ق.م.–111 ق.م.
السيطرة الصينية
السيطرة الصينية الأولى 111 ق.م.–40 م
تمرد الشقيقتين تيونج 40–43
السيطرة الصينية الثانية 43–544
أسرة لي المبكرة544–602
السيطرة الصينية الثالثة602–939
الأسرات
أسرة نجو 939–967
أسرة دين 968–980
أسرة لى المبكرة 980–1009
أسرة لي اللاحقة 1009–1225
أسرة تشان 1225–1400
أسرة هو 1400–1407
السيطرة الصينية الرابعة 1407–1427
أسرة لى اللاحقة 1428–1527
أسرة ماك 1527–1592
استعادة لى اللاحقة 1533–1788
أسرة تاي سن 1788–1802
أسرة وين 1802–1945
الاستعمار
كوتشين الصين الفرنسية 1862–1945 / 1945–1949
أنام الفرنسية 1883–1945 / 1945–1948
تونكين الفرنسية 1883–1945 / 1945–1948
الهند الصينية الفرنسية 1887–1945 / 1945–1954
إمبراطورية ڤيتنام 1945
الجمهورية
ڤيتنام الشمالية
(جمهورية ڤيتنام الديمقراطية)		 1945–1976
Provisional Central Government 1948–1949
South-North division 1954-1976
دولة ڤيتنام 1949–1955
ڤيتنام الجنوبية
(جمهورية ڤيتنام)		 1955–1975
Provisional Revolutionary Government
(جمهورية ڤيتنام الجنوبية)		 1969–1976
جمهورية ڤيتنام الاشتراكية1976–الحاضر
حسب الموضوع
خط زمني
Portal-puzzle.svg بوابة ڤيتنام


أسرة تشان أو تران [أ] (بالڤيتنامية: Nhà Trần, chữ Nôm: 茹陳）وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم بيت تشان House of Trần، كانت Vietnamese dynasty that ruled over Đại Việt from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái Tông ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Lý dynasty. The Trần dynasty defeated two Mongol invasions, most notably during the decisive Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288.[6] The final emperor of the dynasty was Thiếu Đế, who was forced to abdicate the throne in 1400, at the age of five years old in favor of his maternal grandfather, Hồ Quý Ly.

The Tran improved Chinese gunpowder,[7] enabling them to expand southward to defeat and vassalize the Champa.[8] They also started using paper money for the first time in Vietnam.[9] The period was considered a golden age in Vietnamese language, arts, and culture.[10] The first pieces of Chữ Nôm literature were written during this period,[11] while the introduction of vernacular Vietnamese into the court was established, alongside Chinese.[12] This laid the foundation for the further development and solidifying of the Vietnamese language and identity.

تعيش في فيتنام من 1225 حتي 1400. وقد اطاح بها هو قوي لي المسئول في البلاط، بعد حكم دام مائة وخمسة سبعين عاماً.

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التاريخ

الأصل والأساس

انظر أيضاً: Lý Chiêu Hoàng and Trần Thủ Độ

تشان المبكرة

انظر أيضاً: Trần Thái Tông and Trần Thánh Tông

غزوات المغول

انظر أيضاً: Mongol invasions of Vietnam, Trần Thánh Tông, and Trần Nhân Tông

السلام والتوسع جنوبا

انظر أيضاً: Trần Anh Tông and Trần Minh Tông

الرفض

انظر أيضاً: Trần Dụ Tông, Trần Nghệ Tông, and Dương Nhật Lễ

السقوط

انظر أيضاً: Hồ Quý Ly and Trần Thuận Tông

الإقتصاد

الثقافة

الأدب

الفنون المسرحية

التعليم

Year Emperor Ranked first Note
1232 Trần Thái Tông Trương Hanh
Lưu Diễm		 [13]
1234 Trần Thái Tông Nguyễn Quan Quang [14]
1239 Trần Thái Tông Lưu Miễn
Vương Giát		 [15]
1247 Trần Thái Tông Nguyễn Hiền Trạng nguyên[16]
1256 Trần Thái Tông Trần Quốc Lặc Kinh trạng nguyên[17]
Trương Xán Trại trạng nguyên[17]
1266 Trần Thánh Tông Trần Cố Kinh trạng nguyên[18]
Bạch Liêu Trại trạng nguyên[18]
1272 Trần Thánh Tông Lý Đạo Tái Trạng nguyên[14]
1275 Trần Thánh Tông Đào Tiêu Trạng nguyên[19]
1304 Trần Anh Tông Mạc Đĩnh Chi Trạng nguyên[20]
1347 Trần Dụ Tông Đào Sư Tích Trạng nguyên[21]

العلوم والتكنولوجيا

There is evidence for the use of feng shui by Trần dynasty officials, such as in 1248 when Trần Thủ Độ ordered several feng shui masters to block many spots over the country for the purpose of protecting the newly founded Trần dynasty from its opponents.[22] Achievements in science during the Trần dynasty were not detailed in historical accounts, though a notable scientist named Đặng Lộ was mentioned several times in Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư. It was said that Đặng Lộ was appointed by Retired Emperor Minh Tông to the position of national inspector (liêm phóng sứ)[23] but he was noted for his invention called lung linh nghi, which was a type of armillary sphere for astronomic measurement.[24] From the result in observation, Đặng Lộ successfully persuaded the emperor to modify the calendar in 1339 for a better fit with the agricultural seasons in Đại Việt.[25][26] Marquis Trần Nguyên Đán, a superior of Đặng Lộ in the imperial court, was also an expert in calendar calculation.[27]

Gunpowder

Near the end of the Trần dynasty the technology of gunpowder appeared in the historical records of Đại Việt. It was responsible for the death of the King of Champa, Chế Bồng Nga, after general Trần Khát Chân fired a cannon from his battleship in January 1390.[28] According to the NUS researcher Sun Laichen, the Trần dynasty acquired gunpowder technology from China and effectively used it to change the balance of power between Đại Việt and Champa in favour of Đại Việt.[8] As a result of this Sun reasoned that the need for copper for manufacturing firearms was probably another reason for the order of Hồ Quý Ly to change from copper coins to paper money in 1396.[29]

The people of the Trần dynasty and the later Hồ dynasty continued to improve their firearms using gunpowder. This resulted in weapons of superior quality to their Chinese counterparts. These were acquired by the Ming dynasty in their invasion of Đại Việt.[7]


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Medicine

"Nam dược thần hiệu", the record book of Vietnamese traditional medicine in 14th century.

During the rule of the Trần dynasty, medicine had a better chance to develop because of a more significant role of Confucianism in society.[30][31] In 1261,[32] the emperor issued an order to establish the Institute of Imperial Physicians (Thái y viện) which managed medicine in Đại Việt, carrying out the examination for new physicians and treating people during disease epidemics.[30] In 1265 the institute distributed a pill named Hồng ngọc sương to the poor, which they considered able to cure many diseases.[33] Besides the traditional Northern herbs (thuốc Bắc), Trần physicians also began to cultivate and gather various regional medicinal herbs (thuốc Nam) for treating both civilians and soldiers. During the reign of Trần Minh Tông the head of the Institute of Imperial Physicians Phạm Công Bân was widely known for his medical ethics, treating patients regardless of their descent with his own medicine made from regional herbs;[30][34] it was said that Phạm Công Bân gathered his remedies in a medical book named Thái y dịch bệnh (Diseases by the Imperial Physician).[35]

The monk Phạm Công Bân, also known as Tuệ Tĩnh, who was a famous physician in Vietnamese history, was called the "Father of the Southern Medicine" for creating the basis of Vietnamese traditional medicine with his works Hồng nghĩa giác tư y thư and Nam dược thần hiệu.[36] Nam dược thần hiệu was a collection of 499 manuscripts about local herbs and ten branches of treatment with 3932 prescriptions to cure 184 type of diseases while Hồng nghĩa giác tư y thư provided people with many simple, easy-to-prepare medicines that produced effective results.[36][37]

معرض صور

  • Bình Sơn pagoda of Vĩnh Khánh Temple, Trần dynasty, Tam Sơn town, Lô river commune, Vĩnh Phúc province.

    Bình Sơn pagoda of Vĩnh Khánh Temple, Trần dynasty, Tam Sơn town, Lô river commune, Vĩnh Phúc province.

  • Pagoda of the Phổ Minh Temple

    Pagoda of the Phổ Minh Temple

  • Wooden gate of Phổ Minh Temple

    Wooden gate of Phổ Minh Temple

  • Carved wooden doors from the Phổ Minh Temple, Nam Định province, northern Vietnam (13th–14th century)

    Carved wooden doors from the Phổ Minh Temple, Nam Định province, northern Vietnam (13th–14th century)

  • Terracotta Tower

    Terracotta Tower

  • Phoenix head. Terracotta, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Architectural decoration. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

    Phoenix head. Terracotta, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Architectural decoration. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

  • Lion figure. Terracotta, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Nghệ An province, central Vietnam. Architectural decoration. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

    Lion figure. Terracotta, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Nghệ An province, central Vietnam. Architectural decoration. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

  • The boy Buddha rising up from lotus. Crimson and gilded wood, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Statue for worship. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

    The boy Buddha rising up from lotus. Crimson and gilded wood, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Statue for worship. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

  • Patterned brown glazed ceramic jar with lotus and chrysanthemum motifs from Nam Định Province (13th–14th century)

    Patterned brown glazed ceramic jar with lotus and chrysanthemum motifs from Nam Định Province (13th–14th century)

  • Bronze ceremonial helmet from the Tran dynasty in Dai-Viet

    Bronze ceremonial helmet from the Tran dynasty in Dai-Viet

شجرة العائلة

Trần Thiếu ĐếTrần Thuận TôngTrần Phế ĐếTrần Duệ TôngTrần Nghệ TôngHôn Đức CôngTrần Dụ TôngTrần Hiến TôngTrần Minh TôngTrần Anh TôngTrần Nhân TôngTrần Thánh TôngTrần Thái Tông
Thái Tổ
Thái Tông
Thánh Tông
Nhân Tông
Anh Tông
Minh Tông
Nghệ TôngHiến TôngDụ TôngDuệ TôngCung Túc
Thuận TôngPhế ĐếNhật Lễ
Thiếu Đế


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See also

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Vietnamese: Nhà Trần؛ Chữ Nôm: 家陳؛ Chữ Hán: 陳朝, Trần triều[4][5]

المراجع

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة baldanza
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Cengage
  3. ^ أ ب Taylor 2013, pp. 108–121.
  4. ^ Hall 2008, p. 159.
  5. ^ Dutton, Werner & Whitmore 2012, p. 29–.
  6. ^ "Tran Dynasty". Britannica.com.
  7. ^ أ ب Tuyet Nhung Tran & Reid 2006, pp. 89–90.
  8. ^ أ ب Tuyet Nhung Tran & Reid 2006, pp. 75–77.
  9. ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 95.
  10. ^ Miller & Williams 2008, p. 249.
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :0
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة lemanhthat
  13. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ngo163
  14. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Mai20
  15. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 166
  16. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ngo168
  17. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ngo172
  18. ^ أ ب Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 179
  19. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 182
  20. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ngo217
  21. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 267
  22. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 169.
  23. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 234.
  24. ^ "Đặng Lộ". Từ điển Bách khoa toàn thư Việt Nam (in الفيتنامية). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
  25. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 246.
  26. ^ "Đặng Lộ: Nhà thiên văn học" (in الفيتنامية). Baobinhduong.org.vn. 2006-02-28. Retrieved 2009-12-08.[dead link]
  27. ^ "Trần". Từ điển Bách khoa toàn thư Việt Nam (in الفيتنامية). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
  28. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 282–283.
  29. ^ Tuyet Nhung Tran & Reid 2006, p. 77.
  30. ^ أ ب ت Alan Kam-leung Chan, Clancey & Hui-Chieh Loy 2001, p. 265.
  31. ^ Jan Van Alphen; Anthony Aris (1995). Oriental medicine: an illustrated guide to the Asian arts of healing. Serindia Publications, Inc. pp. 210–214. ISBN 0-906026-36-9.
  32. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 176.
  33. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 257.
  34. ^ Phạm Văn Sơn 1983, p. 215.
  35. ^ Nguyễn Xuân Việt (2008-12-26). "Y học cổ truyền của tỉnh Hải Dương trong hiện tại và tương lai" (in الفيتنامية). Haiduong Department of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  36. ^ أ ب "Tuệ Tĩnh". Từ điển Bách khoa toàn thư Việt Nam (in الفيتنامية). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  37. ^ Alan Kam-leung Chan, Clancey & Hui-Chieh Loy 2001, pp. 265–266.

المصادر

Further reading

  • Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003), China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-86448-954-5 
  • Lockard, Craig (2009), Southeast Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-516075-8 
  • Tarling, Nicholas (1992), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume one: From Early Times to C. 1800, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-35505-2 
  • Taylor, Keith Weller (1991), The Birth of Vietnam, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-07417-3 
  • Thiện Đỗ (2003), Vietnamese supernaturalism: views from the southern region, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30799-6 
  • Wolters, O. W. (2009), Monologue, Dialogue, and Tran Vietnam, Cornell University Library 

وصلات خارجية


سبقه
Lý dynasty 		Dynasty of Vietnam
1225–1400 		تبعه
Hồ dynasty
الكلمات الدالة:
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