ستوپا
| ترجمات ستوپا Stupa | |
|---|---|
| پالي | thūpa, cetiya |
| سنسكريت | स्तूप |
| الصينية | 舍利塔 (Pinyin: Shèlìtǎ) |
| اليابانية | 舎利塔 (rōmaji: Sharitō) |
| الخمير | ចេតិយ |
| الكورية | 솔도파 (RR: Soldopha) |
| المنغولية | Суварга |
| سنهالا | දාගැබ් (dagoba) |
| التبتية | མཆོད་རྟེན་ (chorten) |
| تاي | สถูป, เจดีย์ (ISO 11940:[1]) |
| الڤيتنامية | Phù đồ |
| معجم البوذية | |
ستوپا (stupa ؛ بالسنسكريتية: "كومة") هي بناء على شكل ربوة أو نصف كروي يحتوي متعلقات (ساريرا - عادة ما تكون رفات رهبان أو راهبات بوذيين) وتُستخدم كمكان للتأمل.[2] وثمة مصطلح معماري مرتبط، ألا وهو چايتيا chaitya، الذي هو قاعة الصلاة أو المعبد الذي يضم ستوپا.
في البوذية، الطواف أو پراداخشينا هو منسك هام وممارسة تعبدية منذ أقدم العصور، ولكل ستوپا يوجد مسار پراداخشينا حولها.
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الوصف والتاريخ
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Stupas originated as pre-Buddhist tumuli in which śramaṇas were buried in a seated position[3] called chaitya.[4] After the parinirvana of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers. The earliest archaeological evidence for the presence of Buddhist stupas dates to the late 4th century BCE in India. Buddhist scriptures claim that stupas were built at least a century earlier. Since it is likely that before this time stupas were built with non-durable materials such as wood, or that they were merely burial mounds, little is known about them, particularly since it has not been possible to identify the original ten monuments. However, some later stupas, such as at Sarnath and Sanchi, seem to be embellishments of earlier mounds. The earliest evidence of monastic stupas dates back to the 2nd century BCE. These are stupas that were built within Buddhist monastic complexes and they replicate in stone older stupas made of baked bricks and timber. Sanchi, Sarnath, Amaravati and Bharhut are examples of stupas that were shaped in stone imitating previously existing wooden parts.
ستوپات بارزة
أنواع الستوپات
Built for a variety of reasons, Buddhist stupas are classified based on form and function into five types:[5]
- Relic stupa, in which the relics or remains of the Buddha, his disciples, and lay saints are interred.
- Object stupa, in which the items interred are objects belonged to the Buddha or his disciples, such as a begging bowl or robe, or important Buddhist scriptures.
- Commemorative stupa, built to commemorate events in the lives of Buddha or his disciples.
- Symbolic stupa, to symbolise aspects of Buddhist theology; for example, Borobudur is considered to be the symbol of "the Three Worlds (dhatu) and the spiritual stages (bhumi) in a Mahayana bodhisattva's character."[5]
- Votive stupa, constructed to commemorate visits or to gain spiritual benefits, usually at the site of prominent stupas which are regularly visited.
الرمزية
"The shape of the stupa represents the Buddha, crowned and sitting in meditation posture on a lion throne. His crown is the top of the spire; his head is the square at the spire's base; his body is the vase shape; his legs are the four steps of the lower terrace; and the base is his throne."[6]
العناصر المنقاة الخمس
بالرغم من أنها ليست موصوفة في أي نص تبتي حول رمزية الستوپا، فإن الستوپا قد تمثل العناصر المنقـّاة الخمس:[7]
- القاعدة المربعة تمثل الأرض
- القبة النصف كروية أو على شكل مزهرية تمثل الماء
- البرج القمعي يمثل النار
- شمسية اللوتس العليا والهلال يمثلا الهواء
- الشمس ونقطة التلاشي تمثلان عنصر الفضاء
الإنشاء
لبناء ستوبا، من الضروري انتقال الدارما والقيام بالاحتفالات المعروفة لمعلـِّم بوذي.[8] The type of stupa to be constructed in a certain area is decided together with the teacher assisting in the construction. Sometimes the type is chosen directly connected with events that have taken place in the area.[8]
الستوپا التبتية
الستوپات في التبت وبوتان عادةً ما يُسمَون chorten في الإنگليزية، لتعكس المصطلح في اللغة التبتية. ويوجد ثمانية أنواع مختلفة من الستوبات في البوذية التبتية، كل منها يشير إلى حدث هام في حياة بوذا.[7]
انظر أيضاً
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الهامش
- ^ Google Translate forum: What Phonetic System does Google Translate use for Thai s̄t̄hūp [=stupa], cedīy̒ [=chedi]
- ^ Encyclopedia.com. Credited to James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000.
- ^ "Buddhist Art and Architecture: Symbolism of the Stupa / Chorten". 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ "THE BUDDHIST STUPA: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT". 2005-01-13. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ أ ب Le Huu Phuoc (March 2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-9844043-0-8. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
- ^ "Introduction to stupas". stupa.org. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةBeer - ^ أ ب "Miracle Stupa - Stupa". stupa.pl. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
للاستزادة
- Harvey, Peter (1984). The Symbolism of the Early Stūpa, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 7 (2), 67-94
- Mitra, D. (1971). Buddhist Monuments. Sahitya Samsad: Calcutta. ISBN 0-89684-490-0.
- Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). The Jain stupa and other antiquities of Mathura. Allahabad.
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وصلات خارجية
- The Stupa Information Page
- Boudhanath Stupa at Kathmandu Nepal
- The Great Stupa of Universal Compassion, under construction in Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- Stupa at Rigpawiki
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- Stupas
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