اللغة الفنلندية

Finnish
suomen kielicode: fi is deprecated
النطق	IPA: [ˈsuo̯mi] ( استمع)
موطنها	Finland, Sweden, Norway (in small areas in Troms and Finnmark), روسيا
العرق	Finns
الناطقون الأصليون	5٫8 million Finland 5٫4 million Sweden 0٫40 million Norway 8٬000 (Kven) Karelia 8٬500 USA 26٬000 (2020)e18
عائلة اللغات	الاورالية Finno-Ugric Finnic Northern Finnic Finnish
نظام الكتابة	Latin (Finnish alphabet) Finnish Braille
الصيغ المعلـَّمة	Signed Finnish
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	فنلندا الاتحاد الأوروپي قالب:Country data Nordic Council
لغة أقلية معترف بها في	السويد (official minority language) روسيا(كارليا) النرويج (Kven language) (Finnmark)
ينظمها	Language Planning Department of the Institute for the Languages of Finland
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	fin
ISO 639-2	fin
ISO 639-3	fin
Glottolog	finn1318
Linguasphere	41-AAA-a
Majority language   Spoken by a minority

الفنلندية (endonym: suomi [ˈsuo̯mi] ( استمع) or suomen kielicode: fi is deprecated [ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li]) هي اللغة التي يكلم بها أغلبية سكان فنلندا (92%) وأفراد العرقية الفنلندية خارج فنلندا. وهي أيضاً لغة رسمية في فنلندا ولغة أقلية رسمية في السويد. Finnish is one of the two official languages of Finland (the other being Swedish). In Sweden, both Finnish and Meänkieli (which has significant mutual intelligibility with Finnish) are official minority languages. The Kven language, which like Meänkieli is mutually intelligible with Finnish, is spoken in the Norwegian county Troms og Finnmark by a minority group of Finnish descent.

Finnish is typologically agglutinative and uses almost exclusively suffixal affixation. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs are inflected depending on their role in the sentence. Sentences are normally formed with subject–verb–object word order, although the extensive use of inflection allows them to be ordered otherwise. Word order variations are often reserved for differences in information structure. The orthography uses a Latin-script alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, and for the most part each grapheme corresponds to a single phoneme and vice versa. Vowel length and consonant length are distinguished, and there are a range of diphthongs, although vowel harmony limits which diphthongs are possible.

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 التاريخ

 قبل التاريخ

The Uralic family of languages, of which Finnish is a member, are hypothesized to derive from a single ancestor language termed Proto-Uralic, spoken sometime between 8,000 and 2,000 BCE (estimates vary) in the vicinity of the Ural mountains. Over time, Proto-Uralic split into various daughter languages, which themselves continued to change and diverge, yielding yet more descendants. One of these descendants is the reconstructed Proto-Finnic, from which the Finnic languages developed, and which diverged from Proto-Samic (a reconstructed ancestor of the Sámi languages) around 1500–1000 BCE.

 Medieval period

Birch bark letter no. 292 is the oldest known document in any Finnic language.

 Writing system

Mikael Agricola, a 19th-century drawing by Albert Edelfelt

Elias Lönnrot as depicted in a 19th-century caricature – Lönnrot made several journeys to Karelia and Eastern Finland to collect folklore, from which he compiled the Kalevala.

 Dialects

Map of Finnish dialects and forms of speech

The dialects of Finnish are divided into two distinct groups, Western and Eastern. The dialects are largely mutually intelligible and are distinguished from each other by changes in vowels, diphthongs and rhythm, as well as in preferred grammatical constructions. For the most part, the dialects operate on the same phonology and grammar. There are only marginal examples of sounds or grammatical constructions specific to some dialect and not found in standard Finnish. Two examples are the voiced dental fricative found in the Rauma dialect, and the Eastern exessive case.

 Lexicon

Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus (1745) by Daniel Juslenius was the first comprehensive dictionary of the Finnish language with 16,000 entries.

انظر أيضاً: Wiktionary:Category:Finnish language and Wiktionary:Category:Finnish derivations

Finnish has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses derivational suffixes to a greater extent. As an example, take the word kirja "a book", from which one can form derivatives kirjain "a letter" (of the alphabet), kirje "a piece of correspondence, a letter", kirjasto "a library", kirjailija "an author", kirjallisuus "literature", kirjoittaa "to write", kirjoittaja "a writer", kirjuri "a scribe, a clerk", kirjallinen "in written form", kirjata "to write down, register, record", kirjasin "a font", and many others.

Here are some of the more common such suffixes. Which of each pair is used depends on the word being suffixed in accordance with the rules of vowel harmony.

Examples of Finnish derivational suffixes on nouns

Suffix	Used to create...	Example(s)	Notes
-ja / -jä	agents from verbs	lukea "to read" → lukija "reader"
-sto / -stö	collective nouns	kirja "a book" → kirjasto "a library" laiva "a ship" → laivasto "navy, fleet"
-in	instruments or tools	kirjata "to book, to file" → kirjain "a letter" (of the alphabet) vatkata "to whisk" → vatkain "a whisk, mixer"
-uri / -yri	agents or instruments	kaivaa "to dig" → kaivuri "an excavator" laiva "a ship" → laivuri "shipper, shipmaster"
-os / -ös	result nouns from verbs	tulla "to come" → tulos "result, outcome" tehdä "to do" → teos "a piece of work"
-ton / -tön	adjectives indicating the lack of something	onni "happiness" → onneton "unhappy" koti "home" → koditon "homeless"
-kas / -käs	adjectives from nouns	itse "self" → itsekäs "selfish" neuvo "advice" → neuvokas "resourceful"
-va / -vä	adjectives from verbs	taitaa "to be able" → taitava "skillful" johtaa "to lead" → johtava "leading"
-llinen	adjectives from nouns	lapsi "child" → lapsellinen "childish" kauppa "a shop, commerce" → kaupallinen "commercial"
-la / -lä	locations (places related to the stem)	kana "a hen" → kanala "a henhouse" pappi "a priest" → pappila "a parsonage"
-lainen / -läinen	inhabitants (of places), among others	Englanti "England" → englantilainen "English person/thing" Venäjä "Russia" → venäläinen "Russian person or thing".	formed from -la / -lä plus -inen

Verbal derivational suffixes are extremely diverse; several frequentatives and momentanes differentiating causative, volitional-unpredictable and anticausative are found, often combined with each other, often denoting indirection. For example, hypätä "to jump", hyppiä "to be jumping", hypeksiä "to be jumping wantonly", hypäyttää "to make someone jump once", hyppyyttää "to make someone jump repeatedly" (or "to boss someone around"), hyppyytyttää "to make someone to cause a third person to jump repeatedly", hyppyytellä "to, without aim, make someone jump repeatedly", hypähtää "to jump suddenly" (in anticausative meaning), hypellä "to jump around repeatedly", hypiskellä "to be jumping repeatedly and wantonly". Caritives are also used in such examples as hyppimättä "without jumping" and hyppelemättä "without jumping around". The diversity and compactness of both derivation and inflectional agglutination can be illustrated with istahtaisinkohankaan "I wonder if I should sit down for a while after all" (from istua, "to sit, to be seated"):

• istua "to sit down" (istun "I sit down")
• istahtaa "to sit down for a while"
• istahdan "I'll sit down for a while"
• istahtaisin "I would sit down for a while"
• istahtaisinko "should I sit down for a while?"
• istahtaisinkohan "I wonder if I should sit down for a while"
• istahtaisinkohankaan "I wonder if I should sit down for a while after all"

 الاستعارة من اللغات الأخرى

Over the course of many centuries, the Finnish language has borrowed many words from a wide variety of languages, most from neighbouring Indo-European languages. Owing to the different grammatical, phonological and phonotactic structure of the Finnish language, loanwords from Indo-European have been assimilated.

 الإعارات إلى اللغات الأخرى

المقالة الرئيسية: List of English words of Finnish origin

The most commonly used Finnish word in English is sauna, which has also been loaned to many other languages.

 Orthography

المقالة الرئيسية: Finnish orthography

أول صفحة من Abckiria (1543), the first book written in the Finnish language. The spelling of Finnish in the book had many inconsistencies: for example, the /k/ sound could be represented by c, k or even g; the long u and the long i were represented by w and ij respectively, and ä was represented by e.

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 Basic greetings and phrases

عينة صوتية من "Hyvää huomenta"

الفنلندية	الترجمة	ملاحظات
Greetings
(Hyvää) huomenta!	(Good) morning!
(Hyvää) päivää!	(Good) day!	used on greeting and also when taking farewell
(Hyvää) iltaa!	(Good) evening!	used on greeting and also when taking farewell
Hyvää yötä! Öitä!	Good night! Night!
Terve	lit. "Health!"	Used on greeting, modified as Terve vaan! ("health continue!")
Moro Hei(ppa) Moi(kka)	Hi! / Bye!	Used on greeting and also when taking farewell
Moi moi! Hei hei!	Bye!	Used when taking farewell
Nähdään	See you later!	Lit. the passive form of nähdä "to see"
Näkemiin	Goodbye!	Lit. "Until seeing", illative of the third infinitive
Hyvästi	Goodbye / Farewell
Hauska tutustua! Hauska tavata!	Nice to meet you!	Hauska tutustua is literally "nice to get acquainted", and hauska tavata is literally "nice to meet"
Mitä kuuluu? Miten menee?	How are you? How's it going?	Mitä (sinulle/teille) kuuluu is literally "what (to you) is heard?" or "what concerns you?"
Kiitos hyvää Kiitos hyvin	Fine, thank you. Well, thank you.	Kiitos hyvää is an appropriate response to Mitä kuuluu?, whereas Kiitos hyvin is an appropriate response to Miten menee?
Tervetuloa!	Welcome!	Tervetuloa is used in a broader range of contexts in Finnish than in English; for example to mean "looking forward to seeing you" after arranging a visit
Important words and phrases
Anteeksi	Excuse me
Kiitos Kiitoksia	Thanks / Please	Kiitos / kiitoksia are literally "thanks", but are also used when requesting something, like "please" in English
Kiitos, samoin	Thank you, likewise	Lit. "thank you, the same way" (used as a response to well-wishing)
Ole hyvä	You're welcome	Lit. "be good", also used when giving someone something to mean "here you are"
Kyllä	Certainly / yes
Joo	Yeah	More informal than kyllä
Ei	No / it is not
Voitko auttaa?	Can you help?
Apua!	Help!
Totta kai! Tietysti! Toki!	Certainly!
(Paljon) onnea	Good luck / congratulations
Olen pahoillani	I'm sorry
Odota	Wait
Pieni hetki Pikku hetki Hetkinen	One moment
Otan osaa	My condolences
(Minä) ymmärrän	I understand
En ymmärrä	I don't understand
Suomi	Finland
suomi suomen kieli	Finnish (language)
suomalainen	(noun) Finn; (adjective) Finnish

 See also

• Estonian language
• Hungarian language
• Finland's language strife
• Finnish cultural and academic institutes
• Finnish name

• Finnish numerals
• Finnish profanity
• Swedish-speaking Finns

 Further reading

• Karlsson, Fred (2008). Finnish: An Essential Grammar. Routledge Essential Grammars (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-43914-5.
• Karlsson, Fred (2018). Finnish – A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82104-0.
• Whitney, Arthur H (1973). Finnish. Teach Yourself Books. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-05782-7.

 External links

اللغة الفنلندية edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Collection of Finnish bilingual dictionaries
• FSI Finnish Language Course (Public Domain)
• Finnish phrases for beginners (Public Domain)