نظام خط الأنابيب عبر ألاسكا

"Alaska Pipeline" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة a proposed natural gas pipeline from the Alaska North Slope to the U.S.، انظر Alaska gas pipeline.

Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
The trans-Alaska oil pipeline, as it zig-zags across the landscape
Location of trans-Alaska pipeline
الموقع
البلد	Alaska, United States
الاحداثيات	70°15′26″N 148°37′8″W
الاتجاه العام	North-South
من	Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
يمر عبر	Deadhorse Delta Junction Fairbanks Fox Glennallen North Pole
إلى	Valdez, Alaska
يمر بحذى	Dalton Highway Richardson Highway Elliott Highway
معلومات عامة
النوع	Pump stations
المالك	Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
الشركاء	BP ConocoPhillips Exxon Mobil Koch Industries Chevron Corporation
فـُوِّض	1977
المعلومات التقنية
الطول	800 mi (1,300 km)
أقصى سعة	2.136 MMbbl/d (339,600 m3/d)
القطر	48 in (1,219 mm)
عدد محطات الضخ	12

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) includes the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. It is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline, (or the pipeline as referred to in Alaska), but those terms technically apply only to the 800 miles (1,287 km) of the pipeline with the diameter of 48 inches (122 cm) that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, to Valdez, Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.

The pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977 after the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the الولايات المتحدة. This rise made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968, and the pipeline was built only after the oil crisis provoked the passage of legislation designed to remove legal challenges to the project.

In building the pipeline, engineers faced a wide range of difficulties, stemming mainly from the extreme cold and the difficult, isolated terrain. The construction of the pipeline was one of the first large-scale projects to deal with problems caused by permafrost, and special construction techniques had to be developed to cope with the frozen ground. The project attracted tens of thousands of workers to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage.

The first barrel of oil traveled through the pipeline in 1977, and full-scale production began by the end of the year. Several notable incidents of oil leakage have occurred since, including those caused by sabotage, maintenance failures, and bullet holes. As of 2010, the pipeline had shipped almost 16 billion barrels (2.5×10⁹ m³) of oil.

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 Origins

المقالة الرئيسية: Prudhoe Bay oil field

 Forming Alyeska

المقالة الرئيسية: Alyeska Pipeline Service Company

Alaska headquarters since the 1980s for British Petroleum in Anchorage

 الصيانة

This scraper pig was retired from use in the pipeline and is on display.

 انظر أيضاً

The pipeline terminal in Valdez

• Alaska gas pipeline, proposed
• Boeing RC-1, a proposed cargo aircraft to transport the oil from Alaska
• Dalton Highway, which parallels the northern section of the pipeline
• Prudhoe Bay oil spill

 References

• Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. The Facts: Trans Alaska Pipeline System (PDF). Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., 2007.
• Banet, Arthur C. "Oil and Gas Development on Alaska's North Slope: Past Results and Future Prospects" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management, March 1991.
• Berry, Mary Clay. Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims. Indiana University Press, 1975.
• Coates, Peter A. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy. University of Alaska Press, 1991.
• Cole, Dermot. Amazing Pipeline Stories. Kenmore, Washington; Epicenter Press, 1997.
• McGrath, Ed. Inside the Alaska Pipeline. Millbrae, California; Celestial Arts, 1977.
• Mead, Robert Douglas. Journeys Down the Line: Building the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Doubleday, 1978.
• Naske, Claus M. and Slotnick, Herman E. Alaska: A History of the 49th State. Norman, Oklahoma; University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. Second edition.
• Roscow, James P. 800 Miles to Valdez: The Building of the Alaska Pipeline. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977.
• Wickware, Potter. Crazy Money: Nine Months on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. New York; Random House, 1979.
• Less oil may spell problems for pipeline The Anchorage Daily News, Last Modified: December 27, 2009

 Additional sources

• Allen, Lawrence J. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Vol 1: The Beginning. Vol 2: South to Valdez. Seattle; Scribe Publishing Co. 1975 and 1976.
• Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. Alyeska: A 30-Year Journey. Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., 2007.
• Baring-Gould, Michael and Bennett, Marsha. Social Impact of the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline Construction in Valdez, Alaska 1974–1975. Anchorage; University of Alaska Anchorage, 1976.
• Brown, Tom. Oil on Ice: Alaskan Wilderness at the Crossroads. Edited by Richard Pollack. San Francisco; Sierra Club Battlebook, 1980.
• Dixon, Mim. What Happened to Fairbanks? The Effects of the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline on the Community of Fairbanks, Alaska. Social Impact Assessment Series. Boulder, Colorado; Westview Press, 1978.
• Dobler, Bruce. The Last Rush North. Boston; Little, Brown and Co., 1976.
• Fineberg, Richard A. A Pipeline in Peril: A Status Report on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Ester, Alaska; Alaska Forum for Environmental Responsibility, 1996.
• Hanrahan, John and Gruenstein, Peter. Lost Frontier: The Marketing of Alaska. New York; W.W. Norton, 1977.
• Kruse, John A. Fairbanks Community Survey. Fairbanks; Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1976.
• LaRocca, Joe. Alaska Agonistes: The Age of Petroleum: How Big Oil Bought Alaska. Rare Books, Inc. 2003.
• Lenzner, Terry F. The Management, Planning and Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Washington, D.C.; Report to the Alaska Pipeline Commission.
• Manning, Harvey. Cry Crisis! Rehearsal in Alaska (A Case Study of What Government By Oil Did to Alaska and Does to the Earth). San Francisco; Friends of the Earth, 1974.
• McGinniss, Joe. Going to Extremes. New York; Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.
• McPhee, John. Coming Into the Country. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976.
• Miller, John R. Little Did We Know: Financing the Trans Alaska Pipeline. Cleveland: Arbordale LLC, 2012.
• Romer, John and Elizabeth. The Seven Wonders of the World: A History of the Modern Imagination. New York; Henry Holt and Co., 1995.
• Simmons, Diane. Let the Bastards Freeze in the Dark. New York; Wyndham Books, 1980.
• Strohmeyer, John. Extreme Conditions: Big Oil and the Transformation of Alaska. New York; Simon & Schuster, 1993.
• Wolf, Donald E. Big Dams and Other Dreams: The Six Companies Story. Norman, Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
• Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power. New York; Simon & Schuster, 1991.

 Video

• Armstrong, John. Pipeline Alaska. Pelican Films, 1977.
• Davis, Mark. The American Experience: The Alaska Pipeline. PBS, Season 18, Episode 11. April 24, 2006.
• World's Toughest Fixes: Alaska Oil Pipeline. National Geographic Channel. Season 2, Episode 10. August 20, 2009.

 وصلات خارجية

• Alyeska Pipeline website
• The Alaska Pipeline – related American Experience episode
• Text of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act