هيو دالتون

(تم التحويل من Hugh Dalton)
The Right Honourable
The Lord Dalton
PC
Hugh Dalton HU 059487 (cropped).jpg
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
في المنصب
31 May 1948 – 28 February 1950
رئيس الوزراء Clement Attlee
سبقه The Lord Pakenham
خلفه A. V. Alexander
Chancellor of the Exchequer
في المنصب
27 July 1945 – 13 November 1947
رئيس الوزراء Clement Attlee
سبقه John Anderson
خلفه Stafford Cripps
President of the Board of Trade
في المنصب
22 February 1942 – 23 May 1945
رئيس الوزراء Winston Churchill
سبقه John Llewellin
خلفه Oliver Lyttelton
Minister of Economic Warfare
في المنصب
15 May 1940 – 22 February 1942
رئيس الوزراء Winston Churchill
سبقه Ronald Cross
خلفه Roundell Palmer
Chairman of the Labour Party
في المنصب
9 October 1936 – 8 October 1937
زعيم Clement Attlee
سبقه Jennie Adamson
خلفه George Dallas
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
في المنصب
11 June 1929 – 3 September 1931
رئيس الوزراء Ramsay MacDonald
سبقه Anthony Eden
خلفه James Stanhope
Member of Parliament
for Bishop Auckland
في المنصب
14 November 1935 – 8 October 1959
سبقه Aaron Curry
خلفه James Boyden
في المنصب
30 May 1929 – 27 October 1931
سبقه Ruth Dalton
خلفه Aaron Curry
Member of Parliament
for Peckham
في المنصب
29 October 1924 – 30 May 1929
سبقه Collingwood Hughes
خلفه John Beckett
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد (1887-08-26)26 أغسطس 1887
Neath, Wales, UK
توفي 13 فبراير 1962(1962-02-13) (aged 74)
القومية British
الحزب Labour
الجامعة الأم King's College, Cambridge, London School of Economics and Political Science

Edward Hugh John Neale Dalton, Baron Dalton, PC (16 August 1887 – 13 February 1962) was a British Labour Party economist and politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1945 to 1947. He shaped Labour Party foreign-policy in the 1930s, opposed pacifism, promoted rearmament against the German threat, and strongly opposed the appeasement policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1938. He served in Churchill's wartime coalition cabinet. As Chancellor, he pushed his cheap money policy too hard, and mishandled the sterling crisis of 1947. Dalton's political position was already in jeopardy in 1947, when, he, seemingly inadvertently, revealed a sentence of the budget to a reporter minutes before delivering his budget speech. Prime Minister Clement Attlee accepted his resignation, but he later returned to the cabinet in relatively minor positions.

His biographer Ben Pimlott characterised Dalton as peevish, irascible, given to poor judgment and lacking administrative talent.[1] He also recognised that Dalton was a genuine radical and an inspired politician; a man, to quote his old friend and critic John Freeman, "of feeling, humanity, and unshakeable loyalty to people which matched his talent."[2]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Political career

Hugh Dalton, right, Minister of Economic Warfare, and Colin Gubbins, chief of SOE, talking to a Czech officer during a visit to Czech troops near Leamington Spa, Warwickshire


Foreign policy

Turning his attention to the looming crisis in Europe, he became the Labour Party's spokesman on foreign policy in Parliament. Pacifism had been a strong element in Labour Party (and other parties as well), but the Spanish Civil war changed that, as the Left moved to support arms for the Republican ("Loyalist") cause. Aided by union votes, Dalton moved the party from semi-pacifism to a policy of armed deterrence and rejection of appeasement. He was a bitter enemy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain who tried to buy off ("appease") Germany at Munich in 1938.

Second World War

When war came, Chamberlain's position became untenable after many Conservative MPs refused to support him in the Norway Debate in April 1940, and Dalton and other senior Labour leaders made clear they would join any coalition government except one headed by Chamberlain. After Chamberlain resigned early in May, and Lord Halifax had declined the position, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister. During Churchill's coalition government (1940–45) Dalton was Minister of Economic Warfare from 1940–42. He established the Special Operations Executive, and was later a member of the executive committee of the Political Warfare Executive. He became President of the Board of Trade in 1942; the future Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell, drafted into the Civil Service during the war, was his Principal Private Secretary.

Chancellor of the Exchequer

After the unexpected Labour victory in the 1945 general election, Dalton wished to become Foreign Secretary, but instead the job was given to Ernest Bevin. Dalton, a highly skilled economist, became Chancellor of the Exchequer. Alongside Clement Attlee, Ernest Bevin, Herbert Morrison and Stafford Cripps, Dalton was one of the "Big Five" of the Labour Government.[3]

The Treasury faced urgent problems. Half of the wartime economy had been devoted to mobilizing soldiers, warplanes, bombs and munitions; an urgent transition to a peacetime budget was necessary, while minimizing inflation. Financial aid through Lend Lease from the United States was abruptly and unexpectedly terminated in September 1945, and new loans from the United States and Canada were essential to keep living conditions tolerable. In the long run, Labour was committed to nationalization of industry and national planning of the economy, to more taxation of the rich and less of the poor, and to expanding the welfare state and creating free medical services for everyone.[4]

Dalton in 1962

During the war most overseas investments had been sold to pay for the war (thus losing their income), and Britain suffered severe balance of payments problems. The $3.75 billion 50-year American loan negotiated by John Maynard Keynes in 1946 (and the $1.25 billion loan from Canada) was soon exhausted. By 1947 rationing had to be tightened and the convertibility of the pound suspended. In the atmosphere of crisis Herbert Morrison and Stafford Cripps intrigued to replace Clement Attlee with Ernest Bevin as Prime Minister; Bevin refused to play along and Attlee bought off Cripps by giving him Morrison's responsibilities for economic planning. Ironically, of the "Big Five" it was to be Dalton who ultimately fell victim to the events of that year.

ذات يوم عام 1947 خطب هيو دالتون وزير الخزانة البريطانية فى مجلس العموم خلال جلسة الديون البريطانية لمصر والتى بلغت 400 مليون جنيه استرلينى قائلا اطالب المسؤولين المصريين بتقديم مقترحات لتسوية كل او جزء منها فقد كانت التكلفة باهظة و جزء كبير منها كان فى مجهود حربي دفاعا عن مصر

الهامش

  1. ^ David Loades, ed., Readers Guide to British History (2003) vol 1 p 329
  2. ^ Pimlott, B. Hugh Dalton (London: Cape, 1985), p. 639.
  3. ^ Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour in Power: 1945–1951 (1985) ch 2
  4. ^ Ben Pimlott, "Dalton, (Edward) Hugh Neale, Baron Dalton (1887–1962)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)

للاستزادة

  • Brady, Robert A. (1950). Crisis in Britain: Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government. University of California Press., detailed coverage of nationalisation, welfare state and planning
  • Dell, Edmund. The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945-90 (HarperCollins, 1997) pp 15–93.
  • Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour in Power 1945–51 (1984).
  • Pelling, Henry. The Labour Government 1945–51 (1984)
  • Pimlott, Ben. Hugh Dalton (1985), awarded the Whitbread Prize
  • Pimlott, Ben. "Dalton, (Edward) Hugh Neale, Baron Dalton (1887–1962)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 4 June 2013
  • Howe, Stephen. "Hugh Dalton" in Kevin Jefferys, ed., Labour Forces: From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown (2002) pp 43–62

مصادر رئيسية

  • Dalton, Hugh. Call back yesterday: memoirs, 1887–1931 (1953) ·
  • Dalton, Hugh. The fateful years: memoirs, 1931–1945 (1957)
  • Dalton, Hugh. High tide and after: memoirs, 1945–1960 (1962)
  • Pimlott, Ben, ed. Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940–45 (1986) 913pp
  • Pimlott, Ben, ed. The political diary of Hugh Dalton, 1918–1940, 1945–1960 (1986)

مراجع

  • Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
  • Rogers, F. H. (2004). The Measurement and Decomposition of Achievement Equity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University.
  • Dalton, H. The measurement of the inequality of incomes, Economic Journal, 30 (1920), pp. 348–461.

وصلات خارجية

پرلمان المملكة المتحدة
سبقه
Collingwood Hughes
Member of Parliament for Peckham
19241929
تبعه
John Beckett
سبقه
Ruth Dalton
Member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland
1929–1931
تبعه
Aaron Curry
سبقه
Aaron Curry
Member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland
1935–1959
تبعه
James Boyden
مناصب سياسية
سبقه
Godfrey Locker-Lampson
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
1929–1931
تبعه
Anthony Eden
سبقه
Ronald Cross
Minister of Economic Warfare
1940–1942
تبعه
The Earl of Selborne
سبقه
John Llewellin
President of the Board of Trade
1942–1945
تبعه
Oliver Lyttelton
سبقه
Sir John Anderson
Chancellor of the Exchequer
1945–1947
تبعه
Sir Stafford Cripps
سبقه
The Lord Pakenham
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1948–1950
تبعه
The Viscount Alexander of Hillsborough
مناصب حزبية
سبقه
Jennie Adamson
Chair of the Labour Party
1936–1937
تبعه
George Dallas

قالب:Presidents of the Board of Trade

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