پامپاس

"پامپا" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر پامپا (توضيح) وپامپاس (توضيح).

پامپاس
منطقة طبيعية
أفق پامپاس.
الموقع والحدود التقريبية لپامپاس تشمل المنطقة الجنوبية الشرقية من أمريكا الجنوبية المطلة على المحيط الأطلسي.
البلدان	الأرجنتين، أوروگواي، والبرازيل
المنسوب	160 m (520 ft)

الپامپاس Pampas (من الكويتشوا پامپا، وتعني "السهل" )، هي أراضي وطيئة خصبة في أمريكا الجنوبية، تغطي مساحة تزيد عن 750.000 كم²، والتي تشمل محافظات بوينس آيرس، لا پومپا، سانتا فه، إنترى ريوس، وقرطبة الأرجنتينية؛ معظم أوروگواي؛ الولاية البرازيلية الواقعة في أقصى الجنوب، ريو گراند دو سول. تعتبر هذه السهول الشاسعة منطقة طبيعية التي لا يتخللها سوى تلال ڤنتانا وتانديل المنخفضة بالقرب من باهيا بلانكا وتانديل (الأرجنتين)، بارتفاع 1300 متر و500 متر، على التوالي.

تتمتع الپامپاس بمناخ معتدل وتبلغ نسبة هطول الأمطار 600-1200 مم/سنوياً، تتوزع بنسبة أقل أو أكبر بالتساوي على مدار السنة، ما يجعل التربة مناسبة للزراعة. تعتبر هذه المنطقة أيضاً واحدة من المناطق ذات الطبيعة الجغرافية الفريدة في قسم پارانا-پاراگواي السهلي. تحتوي هذه السهول على حياة برية فريدة بسبب التضاريس المختلفة المحيطة بها. وتشمل هذه الحياة البرية الروحاء، آيل الپامپاس، أنواع مختلفة من مدرع (حيوان)المدرع، ثعلب الپامپاس، الاوپوسوم أبيض الأذن، التنام الأنيق، وأنواع أخرى مختلفة.

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 أنماط المناخ

انظر أيضاً: Climate of Argentina, Climatic regions of Argentina, Climate of Uruguay, and Climate of Brazil

The climate of the Pampas is generally temperate, gradually giving way to a more humid subtropical climate in the north (Cfa, according to the Köppen climate classification, with a Cwa tendency (drier winters) in the northwestern edge); a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) on the southern and western fringes (like San Luis Province, western La Pampa Province and southern Buenos Aires Province); and an oceanic climate (Cfb) in the southeastern part (in the localities of Mar del Plata, Necochea, Tandil and the Sierra de la Ventana mountains, Argentina). Summer temperatures are more uniform than winter temperatures, generally ranging from 28 to 33 °C (82 to 91 °F) during the day. However, most cities in the Pampas occasionally have high temperatures that push 38 °C (100 °F), as occurs when warm, dry, northerly winds blow from southern Brazil, northern Argentina or Paraguay. Autumn arrives gradually in March and peaks in April and May. In April, highs range from 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F) and lows from 9 to 13 °C (48 to 55 °F). The first frosts arrive in mid-April in the south and late May or early June in the north.

Coxilhas (low hills covered by grasslands) in Morro Redondo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Winters are generally mild, but cold waves often occur. Typical temperatures range from 12 to 19 °C (54 to 66 °F) during the day, and from 1 to 6 °C (34 to 43 °F) at night. With strong northerly winds, days of over 25 °C (77 °F) can be recorded almost everywhere, and during cold waves, high temperatures can be only 6 °C (43 °F). Frost occurs everywhere in the Pampas, but it is much more frequent in the southwest than around the Parana and Uruguay Rivers. Temperatures under −5 °C (23 °F) can occur everywhere, but values of −10 °C (14 °F) or lower are confined to the south and west. Snow almost never falls in the northernmost third and is rare and light elsewhere, except for exceptional events in which depths have reached 30 cm (12 in). Springs are very variable; it is warmer than fall in most areas (especially in the west) but significantly colder along the Atlantic. Violent storms are more common as well as wide temperature variations: days of 35 °C (95 °F) can give way to nights of under 5 °C (41 °F) or even frost, all within only a few days.

"مسار الإعصار" في الپامپاس في أمريكا الجنوبية. المنطقة الرمادية تشير إلى الخطر المرتفع، والمنطقة الحمراء تشير إلى الخط المتوسط.

Precipitation ranges from 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the northeast to about 400 millimetres (16 in) or less in the southern and western edges. It is highly seasonal in the West, with some places recording averages of 120 mm (4.7 in) monthly in the summer, and only 20 millimeters (0.8 in) monthly in the winter. The eastern areas have small peaks in the fall and the spring, with relatively rainy summers and winters that are only slightly drier. However, where summer rain falls as short, heavy storms, winter rain falls mostly as cold drizzle, and so the amount of rainy days is fairly constant. Very intense thunderstorms are common in the spring and summer, and it has among the most frequent lightning and highest convective cloud tops in the world. The severe thunderstorms produce intense hailstorms, both floods and flash floods, and the most consistently active tornado region outside the central and southeastern US.

 جداول المناخ

جداول المناخ لمواقع مختلفة في البامبا:

Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (1981-2010)
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     125   30 18     131   29 18     103   28 17     161   24 14     151   20 11     132   17 9     132   17 8     106   19 9     111   20 10     130   23 13     119   26 15     113   29 17 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم المصدر: INMET
التحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     4.9   85 65     5.1   83 64     4   82 62     6.4   75 57     5.9   68 52     5.2   63 47     5.2   63 46     4.2   67 48     4.4   68 50     5.1   74 55     4.7   79 58     4.5   84 62 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

Buenos Aires, Argentina (1981-2010)
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     139   30 20     127   29 19     140   27 18     119   23 14     92   19 11     59   16 8     61   15 7     64   18 9     72   19 10     127   23 13     117   26 16     119   29 18 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم المصدر: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)
التحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     5.5   86 68     5   84 67     5.5   80 64     4.7   73 57     3.6   67 51     2.3   61 47     2.4   60 45     2.5   64 48     2.8   67 51     5   73 56     4.6   78 61     4.7   83 65 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

Punta del Este, Uruguay (1961-1990)
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     75   25 18     85   25 18     79   24 18     84   21 15     91   18 12     80   15 10     90   14 9     94   15 9     93   16 10     85   18 11     87   21 14     67   24 16 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم المصدر: WMO
التحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     3   77 65     3.3   77 65     3.1   75 64     3.3   70 59     3.6   65 54     3.2   59 49     3.6   58 48     3.7   58 48     3.7   61 50     3.3   65 53     3.4   70 57     2.6   75 62 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

Viedma, Argentina (1981-2010)
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     31   29 15     43   28 14     54   25 12     42   21 8     29   16 5     26   13 2     26   13 2     22   15 2     25   18 4     30   21 7     24   25 10     21   28 13 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم المصدر: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
التحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     1.2   85 58     1.7   83 57     2.1   78 54     1.6   70 46     1.1   61 40     1   56 36     1   55 35     0.9   59 36     1   64 39     1.2   71 45     0.9   77 50     0.8   82 55 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

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 الحياة البرية

Human activity has caused major changes to the wildlife of the Pampas.

Most big or medium-sized species such as puma, rhea, Capybara, plains viscacha, maned wolf, marsh deer and Pampas deer have lost their habitats especially due to the spread of agriculture and ranching, and are only present in very few relicts of the pampas. Other species, such as the Jaguar and the Guanaco have been extirpated completely from this habitat.

Mammals that are still fairly present include Brazilian guinea pig, southern mountain cavy, coypu, Pampas fox, Geoffroy's cat, lesser grison, white-eared opossum, Molina's hog-nosed skunk, big lutrine opossum, big hairy armadillo and southern long-nosed armadillo.

Bird species of the pampas are ruddy-headed goose, pampas meadowlark, hudsonian godwit, maguari stork, white-faced ibis, white-winged coot, southern screamer, dot-winged crake, curve-billed reedhaunter, burrowing owl and the rhea.

Invasive species include the European hare, wild boar and house sparrow.

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  Pampas deer

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  Pampas fox

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  Rhea

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  Southern screamer

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  Gilded hummingbird

 الحياة النباتية

Historically, frequent wildfires ensured that only small plants such as grasses flourished, while trees were less common. The dominant vegetation types are grassy prairie and grass steppe, in which numerous species of the grass genus Stipa are particularly conspicuous. "Pampas grass" (Cortaderia selloana) is an iconic species of the Pampas. Vegetation typically includes perennial grasses and herbs. Different strata of grasses occur because of gradients of water availability.

The World Wildlife Fund divides the Pampas into three distinct ecoregions. The Uruguayan Savanna lies east of the Paraná River, and includes all of Uruguay, most of Entre Ríos and Corrientes provinces in Argentina, and the southern portion of Brazil's state of Rio Grande do Sul. The Humid Pampas include eastern Buenos Aires Province, and southern Entre Ríos Province. The Semiarid Pampas includes western Buenos Aires Province and adjacent portions of Santa Fe, Córdoba, and La Pampa provinces. The Pampas are bounded by the drier Argentine Espinal grasslands, which form a semicircle around the north, west, and south of the Humid Pampas.

Winters are cold to mild, and summers are hot and humid. Rainfall is fairly uniform throughout the year but is a little heavier during the summer. Annual rainfall is heaviest near the coast and decreases gradually further inland. Rain during the late spring and summer usually arrives in the form of brief heavy showers and thunderstorms. More general rainfall occurs the remainder of the year as cold fronts and storm systems move through. Although cold spells during the winter often send nighttime temperatures below freezing, snow is quite rare. In most winters, a few light snowfalls occur over inland areas.

Central Argentina boasts a successful agricultural business, with crops grown on the Pampas south and west of Buenos Aires. Much of the area is also used for cattle, and more recently, to cultivate vineyards in the Buenos Aires wine region. The area is also used for farming honey using European honeybees. These farming regions are particularly susceptible to flooding during thunderstorms. The weather averages out to be 60 °F (16 °C) year-round in the Pampas.

View of the northern Pampas grain belt

Lake Gómez, near Junín, in the heart of the Pampas grain belt: The Pampa extends from the foothills of the Andes Mountains on the west to the Atlantic Ocean on the east. The region is peppered with finger lakes, holdovers from the last ice ages.

Pampas plains in Buenos Aires province, Argentina

 التعداد

• الأرجنتين
  • Buenos Aires 17,196,396
  • Córdoba 3,683,937
  • Santa Fe 3,481,514
  • City of Buenos Aires 3,068,043
  • Entre Ríos 1,360,443
  • La Pampa 352,378
• البرازيل
  • Rio Grande do Sul 11,247,972
• أوروگواي
  • All departments 3,518,552
• Total Population 43,909,235

 الهجرة

Starting in the 1840s but intensifying after the 1880s, European immigrants began to migrate to the Pampas, first as part of government-sponsored colonization schemes to settle the land and later as tenant farmers "working as either a sharecropper or as paid laborers for absentee landowners" in an attempt to make a living for themselves.

However, many immigrants eventually moved to more permanent employment in cities, as industrialization picked up after the 1930s. As a result, Argentina's history of immigration in Buenos Aires Province is typically associated with cities and urban life, unlike in Entre Ríos Province and Santa Fe Province, where European immigration took on a more rural profile.

 انظر أيضاً

• ال پامپا الجاف
• إستانكيا
• جامعة الپامپا الاتحادية
• گواچو
• Humid Pampas
• نبيذ ميدانوس
• ميدانوس (كثبان)
• Riograndense Republic
• لويس أنجل فيرپو- "ثور الپامپا البري"
• Wet Pampa
• يغور الجنوب

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 وصلات خارجية

• Encyclopaedia Britannica