2012
هذه المقالة هي عن السنة. إذا كنت تبغي الفيلم, انظر 2012 (فيلم). إذا كنت تبغي استعمالات أخرى, انظر 2012 (توضيح).
من اليسار، مع عقارب الساعة: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather at a Mayan temple to commemorate the end of 13th bʼakʼtun in the Mayan calendar on December 21, when it was predicted a doomsday event would occur; NASA's Curiosity Rover lands on the surface of Mars; The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting caused shock and outrage across the United States; K-pop artist Psy performs his hit single Gangnam Style, which became a cultural phenomenon in 2012; the elementary particle, the Higgs boson, dubbed "The God Particle", is discovered by CERN and revolutionizes quantum physics; The 2012 Summer Olympics open in London.
| الألفية: | الألفية 3 |
|---|---|
| القرون: | القرن 20 - القرن 21 - القرن 22 |
| العقود: | عقد 1980 عقد 1990 عقد 2000 - عقد 2010 - عقد 2020 عقد 2030 عقد 2040 |
| السنوات: | 2009 2010 2011 - 2012 - 2013 2014 2015 |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 2012 MMXII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2765 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 1461 ԹՎ ՌՆԿԱ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6762 |
| التقويم البهائي | 168–169 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 1419 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2962 |
| سنة العهد البريطاني | 60 إليز. 2 – 61 إليز. 2 |
| التقويم البوذي | 2556 |
| التقويم البورمي | 1374 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 7520–7521 |
| التقويم الصيني | 辛卯年 (المعدن الأرنب) 4708 أو 4648 — إلى — 壬辰年 (الماء التنين) 4709 أو 4649 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1728–1729 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 3178 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 2004–2005 |
| التقويم العبري | 5772–5773 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 2068–2069 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1934–1935 |
| - كالي يوگا | 5113–5114 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 12012 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 1012–1013 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 1390–1391 |
| التقويم الهجري | 1433–1434 |
| التقويم الياباني | Heisei 24 (平成２４年) |
| تقويم جوچى | 101 |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | الگريگوري ناقص 13 يوم |
| التقويم الكوري | 4345 |
| تقويم مينگوو | جمهورية الصين 101 民國101年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 2555 |
| توقيت يونيكس | 1325376000–1356998399 |
سنة 2012 (MMXII)
كانت
سنة كبيسة تبدأ يوم الأحد
(الرابط يعرض التقويم كاملاً) التقويم الگريگوري، السنة 2012 بعد الميلاد (م)، السنة 12 في الألفية 3، السنة 12 في القرن 21، والسنة 3rd في عقد 2010.
2012، سوف يبدأ في يوم الأحد. حسب التقويم الميلادي، سوف يكون العام رقم 2012، والسنة الثانية عشر في الألفية الثالثة من القرن 21، والثالثة من عقد 2010.
2012 was designated as:
- International Year of Cooperatives[1]
- International Year of Sustainable Energy for All[2]
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الأحداث
يناير
- January 23 – Iran–European Union relations: The European Union adopts an embargo against Iran in protest of its continued effort to enrich uranium.[3]
فبراير
- February 6 – The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II marks the 60th anniversary of her accession to the thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and the 60th anniversary of her becoming Head of the Commonwealth.[4][5]
- February 19 – Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France, following sanctions put in place by the European Union and the United States in January.[6]
- February 21 – Greek government-debt crisis: Eurozone finance ministers reach an agreement on a second, €130-billion Greek bailout.[7]
مارس
- March 13 – After 246 years since its first publication, the Encyclopædia Britannica discontinues its print edition.[8]
- March 22 – The President of Mali, Amadou Toumani Touré, is ousted in a coup d'état after mutinous soldiers attack government offices.[9]
أبريل
- April 6 – The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declares the independence of Azawad from Mali.[10]
- April 12 – Mutinous soldiers in Guinea-Bissau stage a coup d'état and take control of the capital city, Bissau. They arrest interim President Raimundo Pereira and leading presidential candidate Carlos Gomes Júnior in the midst of a presidential election campaign.[11]
- April 13 – Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, a North Korean Earth observation satellite, explodes shortly after launch. The United States and other countries had called the impending launch a violation of United Nations Security Council demands.[12] The launch was planned to mark the centenary of the birth of Kim Il-sung, the founder of the republic.[12]
- April 26 – Former Liberian President Charles Taylor is found guilty on 11 counts of aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Sierra Leone Civil War.[13]
مايو
- May 2 – A pastel version of The Scream, by the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, sells for US$120 million in a New York City auction, setting a new world record for an auctioned work of art.[14]
- May 12 – August 12 – The 2012 World Expo takes place in Yeosu, South Korea.[15]
- May 22 – Tokyo Skytree, the tallest self-supporting tower in the world at 634 metres high, is opened to the public.[16]
يونيو
- June 5–6 – The century's second and last solar transit of Venus occurs. The next pair are predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125.[17]
- June 18 – Shenzhou 9, a Chinese spacecraft carrying three Chinese astronauts, including the first-ever female, docks manually with orbiting module Tiangong-1, making them the third country, after the United States and Russia, to successfully perform the mission.[18]
- June 24 – Lonesome George, the last known individual of the Pinta Island tortoise subspecies, dies in Galápagos National Park, thus making the subspecies extinct.[19]
يوليو
- July 4 – CERN announces the discovery of a new particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.[20][21][22][23][24]
- July 27 – August 12 – The 2012 Summer Olympics are held in London, England, United Kingdom.[25]
- July 30–31 – In the worst power outage in world history, the 2012 India blackouts leave 620 million people without power.[26][27]
أغسطس
- August 6 – Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, successfully lands on Mars.[28]
- August 31 – Armenia severs diplomatic relations with Hungary, following the extradition to Azerbaijan and subsequent pardoning of Ramil Safarov, who was convicted of killing an Armenian soldier in Hungary in 2004. The move is also met with fierce criticism from other countries.[29]
سبتمبر
- September 7 – Canada officially cuts diplomatic ties with Iran by closing its embassy in Tehran, and orders the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from Ottawa, over support for Syria, nuclear plans and human rights abuses.[30]
- September 11–27 – A series of terrorist attacks are directed against United States diplomatic missions worldwide, as well as diplomatic missions of Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the US, opinions are divided over whether the attacks are a reaction to a YouTube trailer for the film Innocence of Muslims. In Libya, among the dead is US ambassador J. Christopher Stevens.[31][32][33][34][35]
October
- October 14 – Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner becomes the first person to break the sound barrier without any machine assistance during a record space dive out of the Red Bull Stratos helium-filled balloon from 24 miles (39 kilometers) over Roswell, New Mexico in the United States.[36][37][38]
- October 16 – Seven paintings worth $25 million are stolen from the Kunsthal in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.[39][40][41]
November
- November 14–21 – Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. In the following week 140 Palestinians and five Israelis are killed in an ensuing cycle of violence. A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas is announced by Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton after the week-long escalation in hostilities in Southern Israel and the Gaza Strip.[42][43][44][45][46]
- November 25 – December 9 – Typhoon Bopha, known as "Pablo" in the Philippines, kills at least 1,067 with around 838 people still missing. The typhoon causes considerable damage in the island of Mindanao.[47][48]
- November 29 – The UN General Assembly approves a motion granting Palestine non-member observer state status.[49]
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ديسمبر
- December 8 – In Qatar, the UN Climate Change Conference agrees to extend the Kyoto Protocol until 2020.[50]
Births
Deaths
January
- 1 يناير – Kiro Gligorov, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (و. 1917)
- 3 يناير – Josef Škvorecký, Czech writer (و. 1924)
- 9 يناير – Malam Bacai Sanhá, 6th and 12th President of Guinea-Bissau (و. 1947)
- January 13
- Rauf Denktaş, Cypriot-born politician (و. 1924)
- Miljan Miljanić, Yugoslavian-born footballer (و. 1930)
- January 15 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Spanish politician (و. 1922)
- January 20
- Etta James, American singer (و. 1938)
- Jiří Raška, Czech ski jumper (و. 1941)
- January 24 – Theodoros Angelopoulos, Greek filmmaker (و. 1935)
- January 29
- François Migault, French racing driver (و. 1944)
- Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 9th President of Italy (و. 1918)
February
- 1 فبراير – Wisława Szymborska, Polish Nobel poet (و. 1923)
- February 3
- Ben Gazzara, American actor (و. 1930)
- Samuel Youd, British author (و. 1922)
- February 6 – Antoni Tàpies, Spanish artist (و. 1923)
- February 11 – Whitney Houston, American singer and actress (و. 1963)
- February 19 – Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born American Nobel virologist (و. 1914)
- February 25 – Maurice André, French trumpeter (و. 1933)
- February 29 – Davy Jones, British singer and actor (و. 1945)
March
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- March 6 – Francisco Xavier do Amaral, 1st President of East Timor (و. 1937)
- March 7 – Włodzimierz Smolarek, Polish footballer (و. 1957)
- March 10
- Jean Giraud, French comics artist (و. 1938)
- Frank Sherwood Rowland, American Nobel chemist (و. 1927)
- March 14 – Ċensu Tabone, 4th President of Malta (و. 1913)
- March 16 – Estanislau Basora, Spanish footballer (و. 1926)
- March 17
- John Demjanjuk, Ukrainian-American Nazi war crimes defendant (و. 1920)
- Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, (و. 1923)
- March 18 – George Tupou V, King of Tonga (و. 1948)
- March 21 – Tonino Guerra, Italian screenwriter (و. 1920)
- March 23
- Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, President of Somalia (2004–2008) (و. 1934)
- Naji Talib, 52nd Prime Minister of Iraq (و. 1917)
- March 25 – Antonio Tabucchi, Italian writer (و. 1943)
- March 27 – Adrienne Rich, American writer and feminist (و. 1929)
- March 28
- Alexander Arutiunian, Armenian composer (و. 1920)
- Earl Scruggs, American bluegrass musician (و. 1924)
April
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- April 1
- Miguel de la Madrid, 52nd President of Mexico (و. 1934)
- Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian footballer (و. 1947)
- April 5 – Bingu wa Mutharika, 3rd President of Malawi (و. 1934)
- April 7
- Takeshi Aono, Japanese voice actor (و. 1936)
- Mike Wallace, American journalist (و. 1918)
- April 11 – Ahmed Ben Bella, 1st President of Algeria (و. 1916)
- April 15 – Murray Rose, Australian swimmer (و. 1939)
- April 16 – Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish shipping magnate (و. 1913)
- April 18 – Dick Clark, American television host and producer (و. 1929)
- April 19 – Levon Helm, American musician (و. 1940)
- April 20 – Valeri Vasiliev, Russian ice hockey player (و. 1949)
- April 21 – Charles Colson, American evangelist (و. 1931)
- April 28 – Ervin Zádor, Hungarian water polo player (و. 1935)
- April 29
- Shukri Ghanem, Prime Minister of Libya (2003–2006) (و. 1942)
- Joel Goldsmith, American composer (و. 1957)
- April 30 – Alexander Dale Oen, Norwegian swimmer (و. 1985)
May
- May 4 – Rashidi Yekini, Nigerian footballer (و. 1963)
- May 5 – Carl Johan Bernadotte (و. 1916)
- May 8 – Maurice Sendak, American author (و. 1928)
- May 9 – Vidal Sassoon, British hairdresser (و. 1928)
- May 10 – Carroll Shelby, American automotive designer, racing driver and entrepreneur (و. 1923)
- May 15
- Carlos Fuentes, Panamanian-born Mexican writer (و. 1928)
- Zakaria Mohieddin, Egyptian general and politician (و. 1918)
- May 17 – Donna Summer, American singer (و. 1948)
- May 18 – Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German lyric baritone and conductor (و. 1925)
- May 20 – Robin Gibb, British-Australian musician (و. 1949)
- May 29 – Kaneto Shindo, Japanese film director (و. 1912)
- May 30 – Andrew Huxley, British Nobel physiologist (و. 1917)
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June
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- June 2 – Kathryn Joosten, American actress (و. 1939)
- June 3 – Roy Salvadori, British racing driver (و. 1922)
- June 4 – Eduard Khil, Russian baritone (و. 1934)
- June 5 – Ray Bradbury, American author (و. 1920)
- June 11
- Ann Rutherford, Canadian-born American actress (و. 1917)
- Teófilo Stevenson, Cuban Olympic boxer (و. 1952)
- June 12 – Elinor Ostrom, American Nobel economist (و. 1933)
- June 13 – William Standish Knowles, American Nobel chemist (و. 1917)
- June 16 – Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (و. 1934)
- June 17 – Rodney King, American criminal and victim of police brutality (و. 1965)
- June 26 – Nora Ephron, American film director and screenwriter (و. 1941)
- June 30 – Yitzhak Shamir, 7th Prime Minister of Israel (و. 1915)
July
- July 1 – Alan G. Poindexter, American astronaut (و. 1961)
- July 3
- Andy Griffith, American actor (و. 1926)
- Sergio Pininfarina, Italian automobile designer (و. 1926)
- July 8 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (و. 1917)
- July 13 – Richard D. Zanuck, American film producer (و. 1934)
- July 14 – Sixten Jernberg, Swedish cross-country skier (و. 1929)
- July 15 – Celeste Holm, American actress (و. 1917)
- July 16
- Stephen Covey, American author (و. 1932)
- Jon Lord, British musician and composer (و. 1941)
- July 19 – Omar Suleiman, Egyptian general, diplomat and intelligence officer (و. 1936)
- July 23 – Sally Ride, American astronaut and physicist (و. 1951)
- July 24 – John Atta Mills, President of Ghana (و. 1944)
- July 27 – Jack Taylor, English football referee (و. 1930)
- July 29 – Chris Marker, French writer and documentary filmmaker (و. 1921)
- July 30 – Maeve Binchy, Irish author (و. 1939)
- July 31 – Gore Vidal, American author, playwright, screenwriter, and political activist (و. 1925)
August
- August 5 – Chavela Vargas, Costa Rican-born Mexican singer (و. 1919)
- August 6
- Marvin Hamlisch, American composer and conductor (و. 1944)
- Bernard Lovell, British physicist and astronomer (و. 1913)
- August 14 – Svetozar Gligorić, Serbian chess grandmaster (و. 1923)
- August 15 – Harry Harrison, American author (و. 1925)
- August 18 – Scott McKenzie, American singer and songwriter (و. 1939)
- August 19 – Tony Scott, British film director (و. 1944)
- August 20
- Phyllis Diller, American comedian (و. 1917)
- Dom Mintoff, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (و. 1916)
- Meles Zenawi, 3rd President and 10th Prime Minister of Ethiopia (و. 1955)
- August 21 – William Thurston, American mathematician (و. 1946)
- August 24 – Félix Miélli Venerando, Brazilian footballer (و. 1937)
- August 25 – Neil Armstrong, American astronaut (و. 1930)
- August 31
- Carlo Maria Martini, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (و. 1927)
- Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov, Soviet military commander (و. 1911)
September
- September 1 – Hal David, American lyricist (و. 1921)
- September 3
- Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor (و. 1957)
- Sun Myung Moon, Korean religious leader (و. 1920)
- September 8 – Thomas Szasz, Hungarian-American psychiatrist (و. 1920)
- September 12 – Sid Watkins, British neurosurgeon (و. 1928)
- September 16 – Ragnhild Alexandra Lorentzen, Princess of Norway (و. 1930)
- September 18 – Santiago Carrillo, Spanish politician (و. 1915)
- September 23
- Pavel Grachev, Russian military commander (و. 1948)
- Corrie Sanders, South African boxer (و. 1966)
- September 25 – Andy Williams, American singer (و. 1927)
- September 27 – Herbert Lom, Czech-born actor (و. 1917)
- September 28 – Michael O'Hare, American actor (و. 1952)
- September 30 – Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian Olympic figure skater (و. 1928)
October
- October 1 – Eric Hobsbawm, British Marxist historian (و. 1917)
- October 6 – Chadli Bendjedid, 3rd President of Algeria (و. 1929)
- October 11 – Helmut Haller, German footballer (و. 1939)
- October 14 – Arlen Specter, American politician (و. 1930)
- October 15 – King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia, (و. 1922)
- October 17 – Sylvia Kristel, Dutch actress (و. 1952)
- October 20 – E. Donnall Thomas, American Nobel physician (و. 1920)
- October 21
- Yash Chopra, Indian film director and producer (b.1932)
- George McGovern, American politician, historian and author (و. 1922)
- October 22 – Russell Means, American Sioux actor and activist (و. 1939)
- October 24 – Margaret Osborne duPont, American tennis player (و. 1918)
- October 27 – Hans Werner Henze, German composer (و. 1926)
November
- November 5 – Elliott Carter, American composer (و. 1908)
- November 23 – Larry Hagman, American actor (و. 1931)
- November 25
- Lars Hörmander, Swedish mathematician (و. 1931)
- Dave Sexton, English footballer and coach (و. 1930)
- November 26 – Joseph Murray, American Nobel surgeon (و. 1919)
- November 30 – I. K. Gujral, 12th Prime Minister of India (و. 1919)
December
- December 4 – Miguel Calero, Colombian footballer (و. 1971)
- December 5
- Dave Brubeck, American pianist (و. 1920)
- Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian architect (و. 1907)
- December 9 – Patrick Moore, British astronomer and broadcaster (و. 1923)
- December 10 – Iajuddin Ahmed, 13th President of Bangladesh (و. 1931)
- December 11
- Ravi Shankar, Indian sitarist (و. 1920)
- Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian soprano (و. 1926)
- December 17 – Daniel Inouye, American politician (و. 1924)
- December 24
- Charles Durning, American actor (و. 1923)
- Jack Klugman, American actor (و. 1922)
- December 27 – Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., American general (و. 1934)
- December 30 – Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel neurologist (و. 1909)
Nobel Prizes
- Chemistry – Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka
- Economics – Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd Shapley
- Literature – Mo Yan
- Peace – European Union
- Physics – Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland
- Physiology or Medicine – John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka
معلومات وإحصائيات
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في يناير 2013 أعلن علماء أمريكان أن عام 2012، كان ضمن أدفأ عشرة أعوام على الإطلاق شهدها العالم منذ عام 1880. وحسب باحثون من ناسا، فإن 2012 في الترتيب التاسع في الترتيب، بينما قال باحثون في وكالة أمريكية أخرى إنه العاشر.[52]
ووفقا لمجموعتي الباحثين في الهيئتين، فإن معظم أنحاء العالم شهدت درجات حرارة أعلى من المتوسط في عام 2012 فيما شهد القطب الشمالي حالة قياسية من ذوبان الجليد.
وأكدت الوكالة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي أن تحليلاتها لبيانات درجات الحرارة التي رصدتها شبكة عالمية من محطات الأرصاد تظهر أن متوسط درجات الحرارة لعام 2012 كان أعلى بمقدار 0.57 درجة من متوسط درجات الحرارة في القرن العشرين. وذكرت الوكالة أن السنوات الاثنتي عشرة التي مضت من القرن الحادي والعشرين تدخل في تصنيف أدفأ 14 عاما منذ بدء تسجيل درجات الحرارة قبل 133 عاما.
2012 في الخيال
- انظر مقال رئيسي: 2012 في الخيال
أهم العطلات الدينية
- 7 يناير – عيد الميلاد (يحتفل به المسيحيون الأرثوذكس الشرقيون)
- 1 فبراير – Imbolc, a Cross-quarter day (Celebrated on 2 فبراير في بعض الأماكن)
- 5 فبراير – مولد النبي – الإسلام
- 22 فبراير - Ash Wednesday - مسيحية غربية
- 8 مارس – پوريم – اليهودية
- 8 مارس – Holi – هندوسية
- 20 مارس – الاعتدال الربيعي، رأس السنة الفارسية (نوروز)، ويعرف أيضاً باسم اوستارا
- 1 ابريل – Ramanavami – هندوسية
- 6 ابريل – Hanuman Jayanti – هندوسية
- 7 ابريل – Passover – يهودية
- 8 ابريل – عيد الفصح – مسيحية غربية
- 15 ابريل – عيد الفصح – مسيحية شرقية
- 1 مايو – Beltane, a Cross-quarter day
- 27 مايو – شڤعوت – يهودية
- 17 يونيو – ليلة الإسراء والمعراج – الإسلام
- 20 يونيو – الانقلاب الصيفي, also known20
- 20 يونيو – أول رمضان – اسلام
- 1 أغسطس – Lammas, a Cr2 اغسطس
- 2 أغسطس – Raksha Bandhan – الهندوسية
- 10 اغسطس – Janmashtami – هندوسية
- 19 اغسطس – عيد الفطر – اسلام
- 17 سبتمبر – روش هاشنه – يهودية
- 21 سبتمبر – Fall Equinox, also known as Mabon
- 1 اكتوبر – سوكوت – يهودية
- 2 اكتوبر – مهرگان – الزرادشتية والثقافة الفارسية
- 24 اكتوبر – Vijaya Dashami/Dusshera – هندوسية
- 26 اكتوبر – عيد الأضحى- اسلام
- 1 نوفمبر – Samhain, a Cross-quarter day, Neopagan new year and Christian يوم كل القديسين
- 12 نوفمبر – Diwali – هندوسية
- 15 نوفمبر – السنة الهجرية الجديدة
- 9 ديسمبر – خانوقة – يهودية
- 21 ديسمبر – Winter solstice, also known as يول
- 25 ديسمبر – راس السنة – مسيحية غربية
See also
الهوامش
- ^ "2012 - International Year of Cooperatives". United Nations. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
- ^ "2012 - International Year of Sustainable Energy for All". United Nations. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
- ^ Jonathan Marcus (2012-01-23). "''BBC News''". BBC News. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ The Government of Canada (January 23, 2012). "Official Canadian website for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II". Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ "Diamond Jubilee: Queen celebrating 60-year reign". BBC News UK. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
- ^ CNN Wire Staff (19 February 2012). "Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France". CNN News. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
{{cite news}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "Euro zone strikes deal on Greece bailout". Reuters. www.smh.com.au. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ McCarthy, Tom (2012-03-13). "Encyclopædia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
- ^ Adam Nossiter (22 March 2012). "Soldiers Declare Coup in Mali". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ "Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali". France 24. 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
- ^ "Guinea-Bissau prime minister arrested". Google.com. Associated Press. 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
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المصادر
- Finley, Michael (2002). "The Correlation Question". The Real Maya Prophecies: Astronomy in the Inscriptions and Codices. Maya Astronomy. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
- Houston, Stephen D. (1989). Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs. London: British Museum Publications. ISBN 0-7141-8069-6. OCLC 18814390.
- Houston, Stephen D. (2001). The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3204-3. OCLC 44133070.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Miller, Mary (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05068-6. OCLC 27667317.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Schele, Linda (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07456-1. OCLC 21295769.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Voss, Alexander (2006). "Astronomy and Mathematics". In Nikolai Grube (ed.) (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 130–143. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help) - Wagner, Elizabeth (2006). "Maya Creation Myths and Cosmography". In Nikolai Grube (ed.) (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (Assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 280–293. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help)
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