كتابة خيتان الصغيرة

كتابة الخيتان الصغيرة
Khitan small script
Khitan mirror from Korea.jpg
مرآة برونزية بنقش شعري
النوع
logographic, syllabary وربما بعض phonograms.
اللغاتلغة خيتان
النظم الوالدة
Oracle Bone Script
النظم الشقيقة
الصينية المبسطة، Kanji, Hanja, Chữ Nôm, Zhuyin

كتابة خيتان الصغيرة (صينية: 契丹小字؛ پن‌ين: qìdān xiǎozì�؛ إنگليزية: Khitan small script) كانت احدى نظامي كتابة للغة خيتان التي انقرضت. وقد اِستخدمها في القرون 10-12 شعب الخيتان، الذي خلق امبراطورية لياو في شمال شرق الصين. بالاضافة للكتابة الصغيرة، فقد استخدم الخيتان في نفس الوقت نظام كتابة مستقل وظيفياً يُعرف بإسم كتابة خيتان الكبيرة. كلا الكتابتين استمرتا في الاستخدام لحدٍ ما من قِبل الجورچن لعدة عقود بعد سقوط أسرة لياو، حتى تحول الجورچن بالكامل إلى إلى نظام كتابة خاص بهم. أمثلة من تلك الكتابة تظهر كثيراً على شواهد القبور والصروح، إلا أن شظايا أخرى تظهر أحياناً.

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التاريخ

The Khitan small script was invented in about 924 or 925 CE by a scholar named Yelü Diela. He drew his inspiration from “the Uyghur language and script,”[1] which he was shown by a visiting Uyghur ambassador at the Khitan court. For this reason, Khitan small script was originally thought to be a daughter script of the Old Uyghur alphabet.[2]


الوصف

Using a smaller number of symbols than large script, small script was less complex, yet still “able to record any word.”[3] While small-script inscriptions employed some logograms as well, most words in small script were made using a blocked system reminiscent of the later Hangul writing of Korea, meaning that a word is represented by one group (square block) composed of several glyphs with individual phonetic meanings (somewhat similar to the jamo units of Hangul). Unlike Hangul's jamo, a Khitan phonetic symbol could represent not just a single vowel or consonant, but a CV or VC pair as well.[4] Each block could incorporate two to seven such "phonetic element" characters, written in pairs within the block, with the first half of the pair on the left. If there were an odd number of characters in a block, the unpaired character would be centered below the preceding pair.

Although there is some speculation, it appears there are no characters that both the small and large scripts share. Periodically, epitaphs written using small script will be written using the large script method of linearity[بحاجة لمصدر]. Although small script had some similarities to Chinese, Khitan characters were often used to record Chinese words. The appearance of a likeness between a small script and a Chinese character does not help in the reading of Khitan. For example, the Chinese character for ‘mountain’ (山) is the same as the Khitan small script logogram for ‘gold’ (and, thus, the name of the Jin Dynasty).[1][5]

Of the 378 known small script characters, 125 are semantic, 115 are phonetic, and the remainder have not been deciphered.[3] (Usually, it was possible to guess the phonetic value of an element if it has been used to transcribe a Chinese loanword in a Khitan inscription; otherwise, such phonetic values are hard to determine, as very little of the Khitan language is known.[6]) Small script uses a mixture of logograms, syllabograms, and, as some as sources claim, a few single sound phonograms. Sometimes suffixes were written with syllabograms, just as single syllables sometimes were written with three syllabograms (with one each for the initial, medial, and final sounds of the syllable). Sometimes the initial consonants of syllables are indicated to be dental, labial, Guttural, or nasal etc., based on the syllabograms involved. Additionally, vowels are sometimes indicated to be labial or non-labial, or pronounced in the front or back of the mouth.

Much of this information came from the "Khitan Script Research Group", led by the Mongolian scholar named Činggeltei, who used monuments, calendar, and similar Chinese texts to decipher sections of small script.[7] A particularly valuable object of their study was the inscription on the Da Jin huangdi dotong jinglüe langjun xingji (大金皇帝都統經略郎君行記) stele, which is the only known bilingual Chinese-Khitan inscription. Produced during the Jurchen Jin Dynasty it, ironically, was originally (before the discovery of other Khitan inscriptions in 1922) thought to be in Jurchen.[8]

مجمعات النصوص

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة نقوش خيتان
Bronze 'fish tally' with small Khitan inscription owned by Stephen Wootton Bushell

There are no surviving examples of printed texts in the Khitan language, and aside from five example Khitan large characters with Chinese glosses in a book on calligraphy written by Tao Zongyi (陶宗儀) during the mid 14th century, there are no Chinese glossaries or dictionaries of Khitan.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The main source of Khitan texts are monumental inscriptions, mostly comprising memorial tablets buried in the tombs of Khitan nobility.[9] There are about 33 known monuments with inscriptions in the Khitan small script, ranging in date from 1053 to 1171.

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996), The World’s Writing Systems, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 230–234 
  2. ^ Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 354. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ أ ب Kara, György (1987), "On the Khitan Writing Systems", Mongolian Studies, 10: 19–23 
  4. ^ Kane (1989), p. 15.
  5. ^ Kane (1989), p. 17
  6. ^ Kane (1989), p. 16
  7. ^ According to Kane (1989) (p. 13), the most complete publication on the Khitan small script as of that time was the book by Činggeltei et al. (1985). It contained the complete corpus of inscriptions in that script known to date, summary of research done on the subject in China and elsewhere, and a complete bibliography.
  8. ^ Kane (1989), pp. 4-5, 13-20
  9. ^ Kane 2009, p. 4

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