اقتصاد هولندا

اقتصاد هولندا
Zuidas Panorama (By Guido van der Heijden).jpg
Zuidas in Amsterdam
العملةEuro (EUR, €)
Calendar year
منظمات التجارة
EU, WTO and OECD
احصائيات
السكان▲ 17,589,513 (6 January 2022)[1]
ن.م.إ
  • Decrease $990 billion (nominal; 2022)[2]
  • ▲ $1.2 trillion (PPP; 2022)[2]
ترتيب ن.م.إ
نمو ن.م.إ
  • 2.6% (2018) 1.8% (2019)
  • −3.8% (2020) 3.0% (2021e)[2]
ن.م.إ للفرد
  • Decrease $56,298 (nominal, 2022)[2]
  • ▲ $69,715 (PPP, 2022)[2]
ن.م.إ للفرد
  • 1.2% (2020 est.)[2]
  • 2.7% (2019)[2]
  • 1.6% (2018)[2]
السكان تحت خط الفقر
  • 5% (2017 est.)[4]
  • ▼ 16.5% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE, 2019)[5]
▼ 26.8 low (2019, Eurostat)[6]
القوة العاملة
  • ▲ 9,181,373 (2019)[7]
  • ▲ 79.2% employment rate (Target: 80%; 2018)[8]
القوة العاملة حسب المهنة
البطالة
  • ▼ 2.9% (October 2021)[9]
  • ▼ 6.9% youth unemployment (October 2021; 15 to 24 year-olds)[9]
متوسط الراتب الإجمالي
€2,855 monthly (2017)
€2,152 monthly (2017)
الصناعات الرئيسية
Agriculture, oil and natural gas, metal and engineering products, electronic machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing
Decrease 42nd (very easy, 2020)[10]
الخارجي
الصادراتDecrease $719.78 billion (2020 est.)[3]
السلع التصديرية
Machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, mineral fuels, food and livestock, manufactured goods
شركاء التصدير الرئيسيين
الواردات▲ $453.8 billion (2017 est.)[3]
السلعة المستوردة
Machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing
شركاء الاستيراد الرئيسيين
رصيد ا.أ.م
  • ▲ $5.499 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)[3]
  • ▲ Abroad: $6.579 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)[3]
▲ $90.207 billion (2019 est.)[3]
▼ $4.345 trillion (2019 est.)[3]
المالية العامة
  • ▼ 48.6% of GDP (2019)[11]
  • ▼ €394.630 billion (2019)[11]
العوائد43.6% of GDP (2019)[11]
النفقات41.9% of GDP (2019)[11]
المعونات الاقتصادية€4 bn (اعتبارا من 2005)
احتياطيات العملات الأجنبية
▲ $38.44 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[3]

كل القيم، ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، هي بالدولار الأمريكي.
الحياة في هولندا
Flag of the Netherlands.svg
الثقافة
العمارة
المطبخ
الثقافة
Customs
العطلات العامة
الموسيقى
الدين
الرياضة
الاقتصاد
الاقتصاد
Recycling
الضرائب
المواصلات
المجتمع
الديموغرافيا
التعليم
Customs
اللغات
الإعلام
الرعاية الصحية
الحكومة
السياسة الخارجية
حقوق الإنسان
القانونw
إنفاذ القانون
العسكرية
السياسة
السياسة
Gedogen
الإجهاض
سياسة المخدرات
القتل الرحيم
Pillarisation
Prostitution
الزواج المثلي
Dutch exports in 2006
The labour productivity level of the Netherlands is one of highest in Europe. OECD, 2012
Part-time employment rate (%) in OECD countries.[15] The Netherlands has the highest rate.

اقتصاد هولندا ، وفقًا لمجلة فوربس ، يحتل المرتبة الخامسة عشر في العالم اعتبارًا من عام 2022 من حيث الناتج المحلي الإجمالي. قُدّر نصيب الفرد من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي بـ 68،572 دولارًا في السنة المالية 2022 ، مما يجعلها واحدة من أكثر الدول دخلاً في العالم .

تتمتع هولندا بموارد ثابتة من الغاز الطبيعي منذ عام 1959 ، عندما تم اكتشاف منبع آبار. تمثل هولندا حاليًا أكثر من 25٪ من إجمالي احتياطيات الغاز الطبيعي في الاتحاد الأوروبي . على مدى العقود التالية ، ولّد بيع الغاز الطبيعي زيادة كبيرة في الإيرادات لهولندا. [16] ومع ذلك ، أثرت العواقب غير المتوقعة لثروة الطاقة في البلاد في الأصل على القدرة التنافسية لقطاعات أخرى من الاقتصاد ، مما أدى إلى نظرية المرض الهولندي ، بعد اكتشاف حقل غاز جرونينجن الواسع . [16]

تتمتع هولندا باقتصاد مزدهر ومنفتح ، يعتمد بشكل كبير على التجارة الخارجية . يُلاحظ الاقتصاد للعلاقات الصناعية المستقرة ، والبطالة المنخفضة إلى حد ما ، والتضخم ، وفائض كبير في الحساب الجاري (والذي ، مقارنة بحجم البلد ، أكبر حتى من ألمانيا) ودور مهم كمركز نقل أوروبي ؛ روتردام هي أكبر ميناء في أوروبا. وأمستردام لديها واحد من أكبر المطارات في العالم . يتمثل النشاط الصناعي بالدرجة الأولى في معالجة الأغذية والمواد الكيميائية وتكرير البترول والتكنولوجيا الفائقة والخدمات المالية والقطاع الإبداعي والآلات الكهربائية. لا يوظف قطاعها الزراعي الآلي للغاية أكثر من 2٪ من القوى العاملة ، ولكنه يوفر فوائض كبيرة لصناعة تجهيز الأغذية وللتصدير. بدأت هولندا ، مع 11 من شركائها في الاتحاد الأوروبي ، في تداول عملة اليورو في 1 يناير 2002.

تم التخلي عن السياسة المالية الصارمة في عام 2009 ، بسبب أزمات الائتمان الحالية. تم تأميم القطاع المصرفي الضخم نسبيًا جزئيًا وإنقاذه من خلال التدخلات الحكومية. انخفض معدل البطالة إلى 5.0٪ في صيف 2011 ، لكنه ارتفع بمعدل حاد إلى 7.3٪ في مايو 2013 ، و 6.8٪ في 2015. وانخفض مرة أخرى إلى 3.9٪ في مارس 2018. [17][18]  الدولة بلغ عجز الميزانية حوالي 2.2٪ في عام 2015 ، وهو أقل بكثير من المعدل الطبيعي البالغ 3.0٪ في الاتحاد الأوروبي.  في عام 2016 [19]، أظهرت ميزانية الدولة فائضًا بنسبة 0.4٪. كان من المتوقع أن ينمو إلى فائض يزيد عن 1.0٪ في عام 2017.  [20]تاريخيًا ، قدم الهولنديون واخترعوا سوق الأسهم ،  والتي ركزت في البداية علىتجارة البضائع من خلال شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية . [21]هولندا عضو مؤسس في الاتحاد الأوروبي ومنظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية ومنظمة التجارة العالمية .

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التاريخ

انظر أيضاً: Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) and Financial history of the Dutch Republic

After declaring its independence from the empire of Philip II of Spain in 1581, the Netherlands experienced almost a century of explosive economic growth. A technological revolution in shipbuilding and trade knowledge and capital, due to Protestant traders of Flanders who fled to the Netherlands, helped the young Republic become the dominant trade power by the mid-17th century. In 1670 the Dutch merchant marine totalled 568,000 tons of shipping—about half the European total. The main reasons for this were the dominance of the Amsterdam Entrepôt in European trade, and that of the Dutch East India Company (or Verenigde Oost-Indische Companie – VOC) and West India Companies in intercontinental trade. Unique was that the V.O.C. was the first multinational, while its shares were traded at the Amsterdam stock exchange, one of the first in the world. Beside trade, an early "industrial revolution" (powered by wind, water and peat), land reclamation from the sea, and agricultural revolution, helped the Dutch economy achieve the highest standard of living in Europe (and presumably the world) by the middle of the 17th century. Affluence facilitated what is known as the Dutch Golden Age. This economic boom abruptly came to an end by a combination of political-military upheavals and adverse economic developments around 1670. Still the Netherlands kept a high level of prosperity, due to trade and agriculture.

Towards the 1800s, the Netherlands did not industrialize as rapidly as some other countries in Europe. One explanation for this is that the Netherlands were struggling to come to terms with having lost their dominant economical (based mainly on trade and agriculture) and political position in the world. Griffiths argues that government policies made possible a unified Dutch national economy in the 19th century. They included the abolition of internal tariffs and guilds; a unified coinage system; modern methods of tax collection; standardized weights and measures; and the building of many roads, canals, and railroads.

The rest of Europe in the 19th century saw the gradual transformation of the Netherlands into a modern middle-class industrial society. The number of people employed in agriculture decreased while the country made a heroic effort to revive its stake in the highly competitive industrial and trade business. The Netherlands lagged behind Belgium until the late 19th century in industrialization, then caught up by about 1920. Major industries included textiles and (later) the great Philips industrial conglomerate. Rotterdam became a major shipping and manufacturing center.[22] Poverty slowly declined and begging largely disappeared along with steadily improving working conditions for the population.

Since 1959, the Netherlands discovered large natural gas fields. The export of natural gas led to large windfall profits. However, as an unforeseen consequence, these were believed to have led to a decline in the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands.[23]


الحكومة

While the private sector is the cornerstone of the Dutch economy, governments at different levels have a large part to play. Public spending, excluding social security transfer payments, was at 28% of GDP in 2011.[24] Total tax revenue was 38.7% of GDP in 2010,[25] which was below the EU average.[26] In addition to its own spending, the government plays a significant role through the permit requirements and regulations pertaining to almost every aspect of economic activity. The government combines a rigorous and stable microeconomic policy with wide-ranging structural and regulatory reforms. The government has gradually reduced its role in the economy since the 1980s. Privatisation and deregulation is still continuing. With regards to social and economic policy, the government cooperates with its so called social partners (trade unions and employers' organizations). The three parties come together in the Social-Economic Council (‘Sociaal Economische Raad’), the main platform for social dialogue.

نظام الضمان الاجتماعي

The Dutch social security is very comprehensive, covering Dutch residents in an encompassing manner and is divided into the national security (Volksverzekeringen) and the employee insurance (Werknemersverzekeringen). Whereas the first covers all living in the Netherlands and the social benefits provided, the latter provides employment-related benefits.[27] All living in the Netherlands are required to pay into the social security system, including residents from outside the Netherlands, with a few exceptions.[28]

The Volksverzekeringen is compulsory for all and covers the residents under different forms of national insurance:[29][30]

It is overseen by the Social Insurance Bank (Sociale Verzekeringsbank (SVB)) and financed through earning-related contributions of employers and employees up until a maximum income-ceiling. Whilst employed persons get their contribution deducted automatically from their wage, the unemployed pay by themselves. The AKW is financed by employers, whereas the AOW is financed by the employees. The AOW, additionally, is financed by a small government subsidy.

The Werknemersverzekeringen is compulsory for all employed people within the Netherlands. It includes the coverage of employees in the following areas:

The financing for the Werknemersverkeringen is automatically deducted from the employee's income by the employer.[29][30]

مزايا البطالة

التغطية

The unemployment benefits in the Netherlands, as set out under the WW, covers almost all employees, that are employees based on a working-contract. Excluded from the WW are the following: self-employed, nationally employed, persons working less than four days a week, heads of stockholders and voluntary workers that earn up to €150 per year.[27][30]

الحق في المزايا

To profit from the benefit the unemployed has to submit an application to the Employee Insurance Agency (Uitvoeringsinstituut Werknemersverzekeringen (UWV)) within one week of becoming unemployed and additionally has to register as job-seeker. The WW only covers employees with a sufficient work history, meaning that an applicant has to have been working for at least 26 weeks in the past 36 weeks before becoming unemployed. If so, the working-weeks requirement is met. Moreover, the employee is only eligible to unemployment benefits if the unemployment has not been due to his own fault (e.g. own termination of the job contract).[27][30]

المزايا

The benefits received through the WW are earnings-related and amount to a sum of 75% percent of the previous earnings per day (which is based on 5 working days per week) for the duration of two months. After those two months the benefits amount to 70%. Part-time work is taken into account with a calculation of parts of the working hours. If this benefit is less than the minimum income, the unemployed has the possibility of supplementation through the Additional Allowances Act (Toeslagenwet) to sum up the amount. All jobs in the previous twelve months are counted in to the calculation of the benefits, if a change of work has taken place. To obtain the benefits for a continued time, the unemployed needs to be actively looking for work. Moreover, one needs to participate in e-coaching three and twelve months after the start of unemployment. After one year of unemployment one must register with an employment agency.[28][30][29]

القضايا الجدالية

سوق العمل والضمان الاجتماعي

The Dutch labour market has relatively strict regulations for employers on firing employees, although by June 2014 the House of Representatives has agreed to loosen these regulations.[needs update] Due to the costs of employees and costs of firing them, a big part of the working force (about 15% of the working force) is an independent one person company (ZZP). They are independent and get paid by delivery without higher social costs.[مطلوب توضيح] Another big part of the workforce is hired as temporary workforce. State unemployment benefits in the form of a 70% benefit of the employee's last-earned salary for up to three years (with a maximum of roughly 2500 euros per month) are available for fired employees, provided that they have worked for a certain minimum time period, usually 26 weeks. Moreover, the self-employed individuals (zelfstandigen zonder personeel (ZZP)) are not automatically covered under the Werknemersverzekeringen, and are not obligated to enroll into unemployment, sickness or disabilities insurance. Self-employed individuals, hence, are required to enroll themselves with private insurance companies.[29][31]

عمر التقاعد

Every Dutch citizen gets according to the AOW act of 1956, a state pension, from the age of 65. The act was amended in 2012 that makes the age in several stages up to 67 years in 2024 . Married couples or those who live together receive 50% of minimum wage per person and a single person receives 70% of minimum wage. Most (about 70%) earn an extra pension from private pension funds. Employees are obliged to take part in the sector pension funds.[مطلوب توضيح] In total the amount of pension funds were at the end of 2009 some 664 billion euro and at the end of 2019 1560 billion euro for something more than 17 million people. Employees receive on average about 70% of their last salary. During the economic crisis[which?] and because of low interest rates, pensions funds have had difficulty keeping up with inflation. The Dutch pension system is regarded as one of the bestقالب:How in the world.[32][33]

عدم المساواة وإعادة التوزيع

With a Gini coefficient of 25.1 (2013) the income inequality is relatively low in the Netherlands. However, the inequality when measured in distributions of household wealth is high, where the top 1% owns 24% of all net wealth, and the top 10% own 60%. Moreover, rather large wealth disparities persist in the Netherlands in relation to age, where those under 35 years-of-age own 10% as much as older workers. This is a consequence from the low taxation of home ownership and a generous mortgage interest deductibility, which benefit the wealthier households.[34] Due to the generous pensions the pension-related savings are the most important part of wealth in the Netherlands, yet are not subject to capital income taxation, which increases the inequality.


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Home mortgage interest deduction

The Netherlands was one of the few countries in the world where the interest paid on mortgages is almost fully deductible from income tax. Since 2013 big changes were made. The conditions allowing a borrowing of more than 116% of the value of the home were reduced to 106% and are still continuously being reduced every year. The deduction is also capped to 50.5% and reducing every year.[35] Together with the after-effects of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 the result was a housing crisis, with a decrease of prices almost 25% percent in some areas. Recent years have shown a recovery of 10% to even 20% per year in the most popular cities.

The Service sector accounts for more than half of the national income, primarily in transportation, distribution and logistics, financial areas, software development and the creative industry. The breadth of service providers in financial services and a Protestant work ethic have contributed to the Netherlands achieving a DAW Index score of 5 in 2012. Industrial activity is dominated by the machinery, electronics/high tech industry, metalworking, oil refining, chemical, and food-processing industries. Construction amounts to about 6% of GDP. Agriculture and fishing, although visible and traditional Dutch activities, account for just 2%.

The Netherlands continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in 2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports[36] and strong investment. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands is the fifth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.[37]

القطاعات الرئيسية

الزراعة

The Netherlands produced, in 2018:[38]

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[39]

قطاع الطاقة

المقالة الرئيسية: الطاقة في هولندا

الغاز الطبيعي

انظر أيضاً: Dutch disease
Natural gas concessions in the Netherlands. Today the Netherlands accounts for more than 25% of all Natural Gas reserves in the EU.
Station Wildervank of the Groningen natural gas field, which transformed the Netherlands economy after its discovery in 1959, leading to the theory of Dutch disease

The discovery of the large Groningen natural gas field in 1959 and the massive windfalls accrued over subsequent decades, were believed to have led to a decline in the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands,[23] leading to the theory of Dutch disease.[16]

While its oil reserves in the North Sea are of little importance, the Netherlands have an estimated 25% of natural gas reserves in the EU.[40] Natural gas reserves of the Netherlands are estimated (as of 2014) to be about 600 billion cubic feet,[41] or about 0.3% of the world total. In 2014–2015 the government decided to reduce the production of gas in the province Groningen significantly due to problems of sinking ground, differential settlement levels and tremors (small earth quakes) causing damages to properties, end 2018 the government decided to completely abandon the gas production in the province of Groningen by reducing the production slightly each year, the production is expected to disappear entirely in 2028[42]

To reduce its greenhouse emissions, the government of the Netherlands is subsidizing a transition away from natural gas for all homes in the country by 2050.[43]

الطاقة النووية

للمزيد من المعلومات: الطاقة النووية في هولندا

Researchers in the Netherlands began studying nuclear energy in the 1930s and began construction of research reactor Dodewaard in 1955. Researchers’ goal was to introduce nuclear power technology by 1962 and replace fossil fuels. In 1968, a test nuclear reactor was attached to the power grid. This unit was shut down in 1997. In the 1970s, the Dutch chose a policy that required reprocessing all spent nuclear fuel. In 1984, the government decided to create a long-term (100 years) storage facility for all intermediate and low-level radioactive waste and research strategies for ultimate disposal. In September 2003, the Central Organization for Radioactive Waste created an interim storage facility for high-level waste. The Netherlands' only commercial nuclear reactor is Borssele, which became operational in 1973 and اعتبارا من 2011 produces about 4% of the country's electricity.[44] The older Dodewaard nuclear power plant was a test reactor that later got attached to the national grid but was closed in 1997. A 2MW research reactor is located in Delft, as part of the physics department of Delft University of Technology. This reactor is not meant for energy provision, but used as a neutron and positron source for research.

In 1994, the States General of the Netherlands voted to phase out nuclear power after a discussion of nuclear waste management. In 1997, the power station at Dodewaard was shut down and the government decided it was planning to end Borssele's operating license in 2003. This has since been postponed to 2034, if it complied with the highest safety standards.[بحاجة لمصدر] After the 2010 election, the new government was open to expanding nuclear power. Both of the companies that share ownership of Borssele are proposing to build new reactors.[45][46] In January 2012, Delta announced it postpones any decision to start building a second nuclear power plant.

السياحة

In 2011, the Netherlands was visited by 11.3 million foreign tourists.[47] In 2012, the Dutch tourism industry contributed 5.4% in total to the country's GDP and 9.6% in total to its employment. With its global ranking of 147th and 83rd place for total contribution to respectively GDP and employment, tourism is a relatively small sector of the Dutch economy.[48] North Holland was by far the most popular province for foreign tourists in 2011. Out of all 11.3 million tourists, 6 million visited North Holland. South Holland took the second place with 1.4 million. Germans, Britons and Belgians made up the majority of foreign tourists, respectively 3, 1.5 and 1.4 million.[49] As of 2020, there are nine World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands. The Netherlands are well known for their art and rich historical heritage.

البيانات

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation under 5% is in green. [50]

Year GDP

(in Bil. US$PPP)

GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

GDP

(in Bil. US$nominal)

GDP per capita

(in US$ nominal)

GDP growth

(real)

Inflation rate

(in Percent)

Unemployment

(in Percent)

Government debt

(in % of GDP)

1980 165.0 11,708.1 193.8 13,750.5 n/a n/a 3.4% 43.6%
1981 ▲179.7 ▲12,644.4 Decrease162.4 Decrease11,429.7 Decrease-0.5% ▲6.8% ▲4.6% ▲46.9%
1982 ▲188.3 ▲13,181.8 Decrease157.3 Decrease11,013.6 Decrease-1.3% ▲5.9% ▲6.5% ▲52.5%
1983 ▲199.1 ▲13,886.6 Decrease153.2 Decrease10,682.3 ▲1.8% ▲2.9% ▲8.3% ▲58.5%
1984 ▲212.7 ▲14,779.7 Decrease142.6 Decrease9,905.0 ▲3.1% ▲3.4% ▼8.1% ▲62.0%
1985 ▲225.3 ▲15,587.9 ▲144.7 ▲10,008.0 ▲2.7% ▲2.3% ▼7.3% ▲67.2%
1986 ▲237.0 ▲16,313.5 ▲201.6 ▲13,875.2 ▲3.1% n/a ▼6.5% ▲69.0%
1987 ▲247.4 ▲16,926.4 ▲246.9 ▲16,895.4 ▲1.9% ▲-1.0% ▼6.3% ▲71.4%
1988 ▲267.8 ▲18,202.4 ▲264.2 ▲17,956.1 ▲4.6% ▲0.5% ▼6.2% ▲73.8%
1989 ▲290.8 ▲19,643.3 Decrease260.5 Decrease17,597.3 ▲4.5% ▲1.1% ▼5.7% مستقر73.8%
1990 ▲314.3 ▲21,105.3 ▲321.4 ▲21,581.6 ▲4.2% ▲2.5% ▼5.1% ▲75.1%
1991 ▲332.9 ▲22,178.4 ▲331.1 ▲22,057.8 ▲2.5% ▲3.2% ▼4.8% ▼74.9%
1992 ▲345.9 ▲22,863.5 ▲366.0 ▲24,192.0 ▲1.6% ▲2.8% ▲4.9% ▲75.7%
1993 ▲358.6 ▲23,530.1 Decrease355.9 Decrease23,356.3 ▲1.3% ▲1.6% ▲5.5% ▲76.8%
1994 ▲377.3 ▲24,590.5 ▲382.6 ▲24,935.5 ▲3.0% ▲2.1% ▲6.2% ▼73.6%
1995 ▲395.8 ▲25,664.2 ▲452.7 ▲29,350.8 ▲2.8% ▲1.3% ▲7.7% ▼72.2%
1996 ▲417.2 ▲26,925.6 Decrease450.6 Decrease29,084.1 ▲3.5% ▲1.4% ▼7.1% ▼70.5%
1997 ▲442.7 ▲28,440.8 Decrease417.3 Decrease26,808.4 ▲4.3% ▲1.9% ▼6.1% ▼64.9%
1998 ▲468.6 ▲29,936.1 ▲438.6 ▲28,018.7 ▲4.7% ▲1.8% ▼4.9% ▼61.7%
1999 ▲499.1 ▲31,671.1 ▲447.5 ▲28,393.8 ▲5.0% ▲2.0% ▼4.1% ▼57.5%
2000 ▲531.9 ▲33,528.1 Decrease417.7 Decrease26,327.9 ▲4.2% ▲2.3% ▼3.7% ▼50.9%
2001 ▲556.5 ▲34,811.4 ▲431.6 ▲26,996.2 ▲2.3% ▲5.1% ▼3.1% ▼48.2%
2002 ▲566.4 ▲35,170.5 ▲473.5 ▲29,402.0 ▲0.2% ▲3.9% ▲3.7% ▼47.5%
2003 ▲578.5 ▲35,727.5 ▲579.9 ▲35,814.3 ▲0.2% ▲2.2% ▲5.9% ▲48.7%
2004 ▲605.8 ▲37,263.5 ▲658.1 ▲40,477.3 ▲2.0% ▲1.4% ▲6.8% ▲49.1%
2005 ▲637.6 ▲39,104.4 ▲685.7 ▲42,054.9 ▲2.0% ▲1.5% ▲7.0% ▼48.5%
2006 ▲680.0 ▲41,633.3 ▲734.0 ▲44,936.0 ▲3.5% ▲1.7% ▼6.1% ▼44.1%
2007 ▲724.8 ▲44,306.7 ▲848.7 ▲51,880.4 ▲3.8% ▲1.6% ▼5.3% ▼42.0%
2008 ▲754.7 ▲46,003.9 ▲951.8 ▲58,015.4 ▲2.2% ▲2.2% ▼4.8% ▲53.8%
2009 Decrease731.7 Decrease44,383.2 Decrease870.6 Decrease52,807.4 Decrease-3.7% ▲1.0% ▲5.4% ▲55.8%
2010 ▲750.4 ▲45,274.1 Decrease848.1 Decrease51,165.8 ▲1.3% ▲0.9% ▲6.1% ▲59.4%
2011 ▲777.9 ▲46,703.3 ▲905.1 ▲54,342.1 ▲1.6% ▲2.5% مستقر6.1% ▲61.8%
2012 ▲792.0 ▲47,341.6 Decrease839.5 Decrease50,175.6 Decrease-1.0% ▲2.8% ▲6.8% ▲66.4%
2013 ▲827.5 ▲49,314.5 ▲877.2 ▲52,277.0 Decrease-0.1% ▲2.6% ▲8.2% ▲67.8%
2014 ▲830.3 ▲49,337.7 ▲892.4 ▲53,026.5 ▲1.4% ▲0.3% ▲8.3% ▲68.0%
2015 ▲852.1 ▲50,418.7 Decrease765.7 Decrease45,302.8 ▲2.0% ▲0.2% ▼7.9% ▼64.6%
2016 ▲890.4 ▲52,440.8 ▲783.8 ▲46,165.2 ▲2.2% ▲0.1% ▼7.0% ▼61.9%
2017 ▲948.2 ▲55,509.3 ▲833.6 ▲48,799.9 ▲2.9% ▲1.3% ▼5.9% ▼56.9%
2018 ▲993.8 ▲57,839.9 ▲914.5 ▲53,224.7 ▲2.4% ▲1.6% ▼4.9% ▼52.4%
2019 ▲1,031.3 ▲59,674.9 Decrease910.3 Decrease52,672.5 ▲2.0% ▲2.7% ▼4.4% ▼48.5%
2020 Decrease1,002.9 Decrease57,612.5 Decrease909.1 Decrease52,222.4 Decrease-3.9% ▲1.1% ▲4.9% ▲54.6%
2021 ▲1,095.4 ▲62,685.0 ▲1,013.5 ▲57,996.9 ▲4.9% ▲2.8% ▼4.2% ▼52.3%
2022 ▲1,226.7 ▲69,714.5 Decrease990.6 Decrease56,297.8 ▲4.5% ▲12.0% ▼3.5% ▼48.3%
2023 ▲1,280.5 ▲72,363.5 ▲1,019.8 ▲57,628.6 ▲0.8% ▲8.0% ▲3.9% ▼46.4%
2024 ▲1,329.6 ▲74,842.4 ▲1,077.0 ▲60,620.9 ▲1.7% ▲2.7% ▲4.0% ▼45.6%
2025 ▲1,376.0 ▲77,235.7 ▲1,125.5 ▲63,173.5 ▲1.6% ▲2.3% ▲4.2% ▲46.2%
2026 ▲1,424.2 ▲79,717.7 ▲1,173.5 ▲65,684.3 ▲1.6% ▲2.0% ▲4.4% ▲47.2%
2027 ▲1,474.1 ▲82,280.9 ▲1,223.4 ▲68,285.1 ▲1.5% ▲2.0% ▲4.6% ▲48.1%


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أكبر الشركات

انظر أيضاً: List of largest companies of the Netherlands

The Netherlands is home to several large multinationals. Well-known multinationals are Heineken, Ahold, Philips, TomTom, Randstad and ING, all of which have their headquarters in Amsterdam. Thousands of companies of non-Dutch origin have their headquarters in the Netherlands, like EADS, LyondellBasell and IKEA, because of attractive Corporate tax levels.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The Netherlands' biggest companies as of 2011 are as following:

Rank[51] Name Headquarters Revenue

(Mil. €)

Profit

(Mil. €)

Employees

(World)

02. ING Group Amsterdam 147,052 3,678 106,139
03. Aegon The Hague 65,136 2,330 27,474
04. Airbus Leiden 60,597 732 121,691
05. LyondellBasell Industries Rotterdam 41,151 N.A. 14,000
06. Royal Ahold Amsterdam 39,111 1,130 122,027
07. Royal Philips Electronics Amsterdam 33,667 1,915 119,001
08. Rabobank Group Utrecht 32,672 3,552 58,714
09. GasTerra Groningen 24,313 48 188
010. Heineken Holding Amsterdam 21,684 954 65,730
— SHV Holdings Utrecht 21,202 799 50,300
— Akzo Nobel Amsterdam 20,419 999 55,590

الاندماجات والاستحواذات

In the Netherlands 22,484 deals were conducted between 1985 and 2018. This sums to an overall value of 2,226.6 billion USD. The year with the most deals has been 2000 with 1,169 deals. However, the most value added up in 2007 with almost 394.9 followed by a drastic slump during the world financial crisis.[52]

Here is a list of the most important deals in, into and out of the Netherlands.

Date announced Acquiror name Acquiror mid-industry Acquiror nation Target name Target mid-industry Target nation Value of transaction ($mil)
25 April 2007 RFS Holdings BV Other Financials Netherlands ABN-AMRO Holding NV Banks Netherlands 98,189.19
19 March 2007 Barclays PLC Banks United Kingdom ABN-AMRO Holding NV Banks Netherlands 92,606.80
28 October 2004 Royal Dutch Petroleum Co Oil & Gas Netherlands Shell Transport & Trading Co Oil & Gas United Kingdom 74,558.58
4 August 2015 Royal Dutch Shell PLC Petrochemicals Netherlands BG Group PLC Oil & Gas United Kingdom 69,445.02
2 March 2016 CNAC Saturn (NL) BV Chemicals Netherlands Syngenta AG Chemicals Switzerland 41,840.11
27 January 2006 Mittal Steel Co NV Metals & Mining Netherlands Arcelor SA Metals & Mining Luxembourg 32,240.47
3 September 2017 PPG Industries Inc Chemicals United States Akzo Nobel NV Chemicals Netherlands 26,560.76
4 August 2015 Royal Dutch Shell PLC Petrochemicals Netherlands Royal Dutch Shell PLC Petrochemicals Netherlands 25,000.00
29 September 2008 The Netherlands National Government Netherlands Fortis Bank Nederland(Holding) Banks Netherlands 23,137.31
10 April 2010 VimpelCom Ltd Wireless Netherlands Weather Investments Srl Telecommunications Services Italy 22,382.31

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

للاستزادة

  • van Riel, Arthur. "Review: Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth," The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar. 1996), pp. 223–229 in JSTOR
  • de Vries, Johan. "Benelux, 1920–1970," in C. M. Cipolla, ed. The Fontana Economic History of Europe: Contemporary Economics Part One (1976) pp 1–71
  • Vlekke, Bernard H. M. Evolution of the Dutch Nation (1945) 382 pp. online edition
  • Wintle, Michael P. An Economic and Social History of the Netherlands, 1800–1920: Demographic, Economic, and Social Transition (Cambridge University Press, 2000) online edition
  • van Zanden, J. L. The Economic History of The Netherlands 1914–1995: A Small Open Economy in the 'Long' Twentieth Century (Routledge, 1997) excerpt and text search

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