مندرينية

خريطة توضح شرق الصين والتوزيع التاريخي لللغة المندارينية

المندرينية هي اللغة الرسمية في جمهورية الصين الشعبية و يتحدث بها في و تايوان و سنغافورة و الجدير بالذكر ان المندرينية تحتوي على عدد كبير من اللهجات وتستخدم بكثرة في شمال وجنوب غرب الصين.

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The following is the initial inventory of Standard Mandarin as represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

¹ /ɻ/ is often transcribed as [ʐ] (a voiced retroflex fricative). This represents a variation in pronunciation among different speakers, rather than two different phonemes.

Corresponding chart in:

• Pinyin
• Zhuyin
• Gwoyeu Romatzyh

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There are at least the following phones:

• [a] (only in finals [a], [ia], [ua], [ya], [aɪ], [uaɪ], [uan])
• [ɑ] (only in finals [ɑʊ], [iɑʊ], [ɑŋ], [iɑŋ], [uɑŋ])
• [e] (only in finals [eɪ] and [ueɪ])
• [ɛ] (only in finals [iɛ], [iɛn], [yɛn] and in the isolated word [ɛ])
• [œ] (only in final [yœ])
• [o] (only in finals [ou] and [iou])
• [ɔ] (only in final [uɔ] and in the isolated word [ɔ])
• [ə] (only in finals [ən], [uən], [əŋ], [uəŋ])
• [ɤ] (only in final [ɤ])
• [z̩] (only in final [z̩], which occurs only after alveolar sibilants; sometimes pronounced as [ɨ])
• [ʐ̩] (only in final [ʐ̩̩], which occurs only after retroflex sibilants; sometimes pronounced as [ɨ])
• [i] (only in finals [i], [in], [iŋ])
• [ʊ] (only in finals [ʊŋ], [yʊŋ])
• [u] (only in final [u])
• [y] (only in final [y], [yn])

This shows fourteen different vowels. By very conservative standards, this represents a system of eight phonemes: /a/ ([a]/[ɑ]), /e/ ([e]/[ɛ]), /o/ ([o]/[ɔ]), /ə/ ([ə]/[ɤ]), /z̩/([z̩]/[ʐ̩]), /i/, /u/ ([ʊ]/[u]), and /y/.

When the medial, nucleus, and coda combine into a final, their pronunciations may be affected. The following is the full table of finals of Standard Mandarin in the IPA:

¹ Both pinyin and zhuyin have an additional "o", used after "b p m f", which is distinguished from "uo", used after everything else. "o" is generally put into the first column instead of the third. However, in Beijing pronunciation, these are identical.
² Another way to represent the four finals of this line is: [ɯʌ iɛ uɔ yœ], which reflects Beijing pronunciation.
³ /uɤŋ/ is pronounced [ʊŋ] when it follows an initial.

Corresponding chart in:

• Pinyin
• Zhuyin
• Gwoyeu Romatzyh

A table of valid initial and final combinations can also be seen at:

• Pinyin table
• Zhuyin table

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[تحرير] انظر أيضاً

• Mandarin (linguistics)
• Naples Eastern University
• Beijing dialect
• Chinese grammar
• Mandarin slang
• Chinese speech synthesis

[تحرير] هامش

[تحرير] المصادر

• Branner, David Prager (ed.) (2006). The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology, Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 271. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-4785-4. 
• Chao, Y.R., A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, University of California Press, (Berkeley), 1968.
• Hsia, T., China’s Language Reforms, Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, (New Haven), 1956.
• Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk).
• Ladefoged, Peter; & Wu, Zhongji. (1984). Places of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates. Journal of Phonetics, 12, 267-278.
• Lehmann, W.P. (ed.), Language & Linguistics in the People’s Republic of China, University of Texas Press, (Austin), 1975.
• Lin, Y., Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.
• Milsky, C., "New Developments in Language Reform", The China Quarterly, No.53, (January-March 1973), pp.98-133.
• Norman, J., Chinese, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1988.
• Ramsey, R.S.(1987). The Languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01468-X
• San Duanmu (2000) The Phonology of Standard Chinese ISBN 0-19-824120-8
• Seybolt, P.J. & Chiang, G.K. (eds.), Language Reform in China: Documents and Commentary, M.E. Sharpe, (White Plains), 1979.
• Simon, W., A Beginners' Chinese-English Dictionary Of The National Language (Gwoyeu): Fourth Revised Edition, Lund Humphries, (London), 1975.

[تحرير] وصلات خارجية

• General Introduction of Chinese Language
• Studying Chinese Language and Chinese Culture (Online Forum)

قالب:Chinese language

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