كريستيان هويگنز

كريستيان هويگنز Christiaan Huygens
كريستيان هويگنز
وُلِد	14 April 1629 لاهاي, هولندا
توفي	8 July 1695 (aged 66) Netherlands
محل الاقامة	هولندا, فرنسا
القومية	هولندي
مجال التخصص	فيزياء Mathematics علم الفلك Horology خيال علمي
المعاهد	[[الجمعية الملكية بلندن ]] French Academy of Sciences
الجامعة الأم	جامعة لايدن كلية اورانج
المشرف الأكاديمي	Frans van Schooten جون پل
سبب الشهرة	تيتان Explanation حلقات زحل قوة طاردة مركزية Collision formulae Pendulum clock Huygens–Fresnel principle نظرية الموجات Birefringence First theoretical physicist
تأثيرات	رينيه ديكارت فرانس ڤان شوتن بليز پاسكال Marin Mersenne
تأثيرات	گوتفريد ڤيلهلم لايبنتس إسحاق نيوتن

كريستيان هويگنز (و.1629 – 1695). عالم من علماء الفيزياء والفلك والرياضيات الهولنديين. أوضح عام 1678م أن الضوء يتكون من سلسلة من الموجات. وقد استخدم نظريته هذه في دراسة انكسار الضوء. وقد زاحمت نظرية الموجات هذه لسنين طويلة نظرية الجسيمات للعالم الإنجليزي إسحق نيوتن، الذي كان يصر على أن الضوء مكون من جسيمات أو ذرات. ويعتقد العلماء في الوقت الحاضر أن الضوء يسلك المسلكين معًا، وهما الجسيمات والموجات.

حياته

وُلد هايجنز في لاهاي ودرس الرياضيات والقانون في جامعة ليدن وفي كلية أورانج في بريد. وقد تعاون في العمل مع أخيه قُسطنطين لتطوير المهارة في تجليخ وصقل العدسات البصرية الكروية الشكل. وقد استخدم هذان الشقيقان هذه العدسات لصنع أقوى تلسكوب في عصرهما. كما اكتشف هايجنز أيضًا توابع لكوكب زحل، وأكد أن ما يسميه علماء الفلك بأذرع زحل ما هو إلا حلقة حول الكوكب المذكور.

الفيزياء

الميكانيكا

Huygens formulated what is now known as the second law of motion of Isaac Newton in a quadratic form. Newton reformulated and generalized that law. In 1659 Huygens derived the now well-known formula for the centrifugal force, exerted by an object describing a circular motion, for instance on the string to which it is attached, in modern notation:

with m the mass of the object, v the velocity and r the radius. Furthermore, Huygens concluded that Descartes' laws for the elastic collision of two bodies must be wrong and formulated the correct laws.

Optics

Huygens experimented with double refraction (birefringence) in Icelandic crystal (calcite) and explained it with his wavetheory and polarised light.

Clocks

Huygens was the first to derive the formula for the period of the mathematical pendulum (with massless rod or cable), in modern notation:

with T the period, l the length of the pendulum and g the gravitational acceleration.

وفي عالم الرياضيات أدخل هايجنز تعديلاً على قيمة باي التي تدل على النسبة التقريبية بين محيط الدائرة وقطرها. وفي الخمسينيات من القرن السابع عشر، ابتكر هايجنز ساعة لها رقاص معلق يتحرك بحرية.

Works

• 1649 - De iis quae liquido supernatant (About the parts above the warer, unpublished)
• 1651 - Cyclometriae
• 1651 - Theoremata de quadratura hyperboles, ellipsis et circuli (theorems concerning the quadrature of the hyperbola, ellipse and circle, Huygens' first publication)
• 1654 - De circuli magnitudine inventa
• 1656 - De Saturni Luna observatio nova (About the new observation of the moon of Saturn - discovery of Titan)
• 1656 - De motu corporum ex percussione, published only in 1703
• 1657 - De ratiociniis in ludo aleae = Van reeckening in spelen van geluck (translated by Frans van Schooten)
• 1659 - Systema saturnium
• 1673 - Horologium oscillatorium sive de motu pendularium (theory and design of the pendulum clock, dedicated to Louis XIV of France)
• 1673 - De vi centrifuga (Concerning the centrifugal force)
• 1684 - Astroscopia Compendiaria tubi optici molimine liberata (compound telescopes without a tube)
• 1685 - Memoriën aengaende het slijpen van glasen tot verrekijckers (How to grind telescope lenses)
• 1686 - Kort onderwijs aengaende het gebruijck der horologiën tot het vinden der lenghten van Oost en West (How to use clocks to establish the longitude
• 1690 - Traité de la lumière
• 1690 - Discours de la cause de la pesanteur (Discourse about gravity, from 1669?)
• 1691 - Lettre touchant le cycle harmonique (Rotterdam, concerning the 31-tone system)
• 1698 - Cosmotheoros , sciencefiction
• 1703 - Opuscula posthuma including
  • De motu corporum ex percussione (Concerning the motions of colliding bodies - contains the first correct laws for collision, dating from 1656).
  • Descriptio automati planetarii (description and design of a planetarium)
• 1724 - Novus cyclus harmonicus (Leiden, after Huygens' death)
• 1728 - Christiani Hugenii Zuilichemii, dum viveret Zelhemii toparchae, opuscula posthuma ... (pub. 1728) Alternate title: Opera reliqua, concerning optics and physics

• 1888-1950 - Huygens, Christiaan. Oeuvres complètes. The Hague Complete work, editors D. Bierens de Haan (tome=deel 1-5), J. Bosscha (6-10), D.J. Korteweg (11-15), A.A. Nijland (15), J.A. Vollgraf (16-22).

Tome I: Correspondance 1638-1656 (1888). Tome II: Correspondance 1657-1659 (1889). Tome III: Correspondance 1660-1661 (1890). Tome IV: Correspondance 1662-1663 (1891). Tome V: Correspondance 1664-1665 (1893). Tome VI: Correspondance 1666-1669 (1895). Tome VII: Correspondance 1670-1675 (1897). Tome VIII: Correspondance 1676-1684 (1899). Tome IX: Correspondance 1685-1690 (1901). Tome X: Correspondance 1691-1695 (1905).

Tome XI: Travaux mathématiques 1645-1651 (1908). Tome XII: Travaux mathématiques pures 1652-1656 (1910).

Tome XIII, Fasc. I: Dioptrique 1653, 1666 (1916). Tome XIII, Fasc. II: Dioptrique 1685-1692 (1916).

Tome XIV: Calcul des probabilités. Travaux de mathématiques pures 1655-1666 (1920).

Tome XV: Observations astronomiques. Système de Saturne. Travaux astronomiques 1658-1666 (1925).

Tome XVI: Mécanique jusqu’à 1666. Percussion. Question de l’existence et de la perceptibilité du mouvement absolu. Force centrifuge (1929). Tome XVII: L’horloge à pendule de 1651 à 1666. Travaux divers de physique, de mécanique et de technique de 1650 à 1666. Traité des couronnes et des parhélies (1662 ou 1663) (1932). Tome XVIII: L'horloge à pendule ou à balancier de 1666 à 1695. Anecdota (1934). Tome XIX: Mécanique théorique et physique de 1666 à 1695. Huygens à l’Académie royale des sciences (1937).

Tome XX: Musique et mathématique. Musique. Mathématiques de 1666 à 1695 (1940).

Tome XXI: Cosmologie (1944).

Tome XXII: Supplément à la correspondance. Varia. Biographie de Chr. Huygens. Catalogue de la vente des livres de Chr. Huygens (1950).

Portraits

During his lifetime

• 1639 - His father Constantijn Huygens in the midst of his five children by Adriaen Hanneman, painting with medaillons, Mauritshuis, The Hague
• 1671 - Portrait by Caspar Netscher, Museum Boerhaave, Leiden, loan from Haags Historisch Museum
• ~1675 - Possible depiction of Huygens on l'Établissement de l'Académie des Sciences et fondation de l'observatoire, 1666 by Henri Testelin. Colbert presents the members of the newly founded Académie des Sciences to king Louis XIV of France. Musée National du Château et des Trianons de Versailles, Versailles
• 1679 - Medaillon portrait in relief by the French sculptor Jean-Jacques Clérion
• 1686 - Portrait in pastel by Bernard Vaillant, Museum Hofwijck, Voorburg
• bewteen 1684 and 1687 - Engraving by G. Edelinck after the painting by Netscher
• 1688 - Portrait by Pierre Bourguignon, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam

Named after Huygens

Science

• The Huygens probe: The lander for the Saturnian moon Titan, part of the Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn
• Asteroid 2801 Huygens
• A crater on Mars
• Mons Huygens, a mountain on the Moon
• Huygens Software, a microscope image processing package.
• Achromatic two element eyepiece designed by him.
• The Huygens–Fresnel principle, a simple model to understand disturbances in wave propagation.
• Huygens wavelets, the fundamental mathematical basis for scalar diffraction theory
• W.I.S.V. Christiaan Huygens: Dutch study guild for the studies Mathematics and Computer Science at the Delft University of Technology
• Huygens Laboratory: Home of the Physics department at Leiden University, The Netherlands
• Huygens Supercomputer: National Supercomputer facility of The Netherlands, located at SARA in Amsterdam
• The Huygens-building in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, first building on the Space Business park opposite Estec (ESA)
• The Huygens-building at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. One of the major buildings of the science department at the university of Nijmegen.

Other

• Christiaan Huygens College, High School located in Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
• The Christiaan Huygens, a ship of the Nederland Line.

See also

• History of the internal combustion engine
• List of largest optical telescopes historically

References

Further reading

• Andriesse, C.D., 2005, Huygens The Man Behind the Principle. Foreword by Sally Miedema. Cambridge University Press.
• Boyer, C.B.: A history of mathematics, New York, 1968
• Dijksterhuis, E. J.: The Mechanization of the World Picture: Pythagoras to Newton
• Hooijmaijers, H.: Telling time - Devices for time measurement in Museum Boerhaave - A Descriptive Catalogue, Leiden, Museum Boerhaave, 2005
• Struik, D.J.: A history of mathematics
• Van den Ende, H. et al: Huygens's Legacy, The golden age of the pendulum clock, Fromanteel Ltd, Castle Town, Isle of Man, 2004
• Yoder, J G., 2005, "Book on the pendulum clock" in Ivor Grattan-Guinness, ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 33-45.
• Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) : Library of Congress Citations. Retrieved 2005-03-30.

External links

هنالك المزيد من الملفات في ويكيميديا كومونز حول :

كريستيان هويگنز

Primary sources, translations

• أعمال من Christiaan Huygens في مشروع گوتنبرگ
  • Treatise on Light translated into English by Silvanus P. Thompson, Project Gutenberg etext.
• De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae or The Value of all Chances in Games of Fortune, 1657Christiaan Huygens' book on probability theory. An English translation published in 1714. Text pdf file.
• Horologium oscillatorium (German translation, pub. 1913) on the pendulum clock
• ΚΟΣΜΟΘΕΩΡΟΣ (Cosmotheoros). (English translation of Latin, pub. 1698; subtitled The celestial worlds discover'd: or, Conjectures concerning the inhabitants, plants and productions of the worlds in the planets.)
• Traité de la lumière or Treatise on light (English translation, pub. 1912 and again in 1962)
• Systema Saturnium 1659 text a digital edition of Smithsonian Libraries
• On Centrifugal Force (1703)
• Huygens' work at WorldCat

Museums

• Huygensmuseum Hofwijck in Voorburg, The Netherlands, where Huygens lived and worked.
• Huygens Clocks exhibition from the Science Museum, London
• Exhibition on Huygens in University Library Leiden (in Dutch)

Other

• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "كريستيان هويگنز", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• Huygens and music theory Huygens–Fokker Foundation —on Huygens' 31 equal temperament and how it has been used
• Christiaan Huygens on the 25 Dutch Guilder banknote of the 1950s.