من المعرفة
المجمع العسكري الصناعي
المجمع العسكري الصناعي Military-industrial complex (MIC) مفهوم يشيع استخدامه للإشارة إلى علاقات رسم السياسات بين الحكومات، والقوات المسلحة الوطنية، والمؤازرة الصناعية التي يتلقونها من القطاع التجاري في موافقة سياسية على الأبحاث والتطوير والإنتاج والاستعمال والدعم للتدريب العسكري والأسلحة والمعدات والمنشآت، ضمن سياسة دفاع وأمن وطني. وهي أحد أنواع المثلث الحديدي.
The term is most often used in reference to the military of the United States, where it gained popularity after its use in the farewell address of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, though the term is applicable to any country with a similarly developed infrastructure. It is sometimes used more broadly to include the entire network of contracts and flows of money and resources among individuals as well as institutions of the defense contractors, The Pentagon, and the Congress and Executive branch. This sector is intrinsically prone to principal-agent problem, moral hazard, and rent seeking. Cases of political corruption have also surfaced with regularity. A similar thesis was originally expressed by Daniel Guérin, in his 1936 book Fascism and Big Business, about the fascist government support to heavy industry. It can be defined as, “an informal and changing coalition of groups with vested psychological, moral, and material interests in the continuous development and maintenance of high levels of weaponry, in preservation of colonial markets and in military-strategic conceptions of internal affairs” [1]
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التاريخ
أصل التعبير
التعبيرات اقتصاد الحرب الدائمة و war corporatism هما مفهومان مرتبطان ويجري استعمالهم في سياقات متصلة بتعبير "المجمع العسكري الصناعي".
ويستخدم التعبير أيضاً لوصف تعاونات/تواطؤات مشابهة في كيانات سياسية أخرى مثل الامبراطورية الألمانية (قبل وأثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى)، بريطانيا، فرنسا وروسيا (بعد السوڤيتية).
وقد اقترح نعوم شومسكي أن "المجمع العسكري الصناعي" is a misnomer because (as he considers it) the phenomenon in question "is not specifically military."[1] He claims, "There is no military-industrial complex: it's just the industrial system operating under one or another pretext (defense was a pretext for a long time)."[1]
الاستخدامات الحالية
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- DeGroot, Gerard J. Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War, 144, London & New York: Longman, 1996, ISBN 0-582-06138-5
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. Public Papers of the Presidents, 1035-40. 1960.
- ________. "Farewell Address." In The Annals of America. Vol. 18. 1961-1968: The Burdens of World Power, 1-5. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1968.
- ________. President Eisenhower's Farewell Address, Wikisource.
- Hartung, William D. "Eisenhower's Warning: The Military-Industrial Complex Forty Years Later." World Policy Journal 18, no. 1 (Spring 2001).
- Johnson, Chalmers The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic, New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004
- Kurth, James. "Military-Industrial Complex." In The Oxford Companion to American Military History, ed. John Whiteclay Chambers II, 440-42. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Nelson, Lars-Erik. "Military-Industrial Man." In New York Review of Books 47, no. 20 (Dec. 21, 2000): 6.
- Nieburg, H. L. In the Name of Science, Quadrangle Books, 1970
- Mills, C.Wright."Power Elite", New York,1956
الهامش
قراءات اضافية
- Adams, Gordon, The Iron Triangle: The Politics of Defense Contracting, 1981.
- Andreas, Joel, Addicted to War: Why the U.S. Can't Kick Militarism, ISBN 1-904859-01-1, [1].
- Cochran, Thomas B., William M. Arkin, Robert S. Norris, Milton M. Hoenig, U.S. Nuclear Warhead Production Harper and Row, 1987, ISBN 0-88730-125-8
- Colby, Gerard, DuPont Dynasty, 1984, Lyle Stuart, ISBN 0-8184-0352-7
- Friedman, George and Meredith, The Future of War: Power, Technology and American World Dominance in the 21st Century, Crown, 1996, ISBN 0-517-70403-X
- Hossein-Zadeh, Ismael, The Political Economy of US Militarism, Palgrave MacMillan, 2006, ISBN 978-1403972859
- Keller, William W., Arm in Arm: The Political Economy of the Global Arms Trade Basic Books, 1995.
- Kelly, Brian, Adventures in Porkland: How Washington Wastes Your Money and Why They Won't Stop, Villard, 1992, ISBN 0-679-40656-5
- McDougall, Walter A., ...The Heavens and the Earth: A Political HIstory of the Space Age, Basic Books, 1985, (Pulitzer Prize for History) ISBN 0-8018-5748-1
- Melman, Seymour, Pentagon Capitalism: The Political Economy of War, McGraw Hill, 1970
- Melman, Seymour, (ed.) The War Economy of the United States: Readings in Military Industry and Economy, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1971.
- Mills, C Wright, The Power Elite,New York, 1956.
- Mollenhoff, Clark R., The Pentagon: Politics, Profits and Plunder, GP Putnam's Sons, 1967
- Patterson, Walter C., The Plutonium Business and the Spread of the Bomb, Sierra Club, 1984, ISBN 0-87156-837-3
- Pasztor, Andy, When the Pentagon Was for Sale: Inside America's Biggest Defense Scandal, Scribner, 1995, ISBN 0-684-19516-X
- Pierre, Andrew J., The Global Politics of Arms Sales, Princeton, 1982, ISBN 0-691-02207-0
- Sampson, Anthony, The Arms Bazaar: From Lebanon to Lockheed, Bantam, 1977.
- St. Clair, Jeffery, Grand Theft Pentagon: Tales of Corruption and Profiteering in the War on Terror , Common Courage Press (July 1, 2005).
- Sweetman, Bill, "In search of the Pentagon's billion dollar hidden budgets - how the US keeps its R&D spending under wraps", from Jane's International Defence Review, online
- Weinberger, Sharon. Imaginary Weapons. New York: Nation Books, 2006.
وصلات خارجية
- www.MilitaryIndustrialComplex.com Features running daily, weekly and monthly defense spending totals plus Contract Archives section.
- C.Wright Mills,Structure of Power in American Society,British Journal of Sociology,Vol.9.No.1 1958
- William McGaffin and Erwin Knoll, The military-industrial complex An analysis of the phenomenon written in 1969
- The Cost of War & Today's Military Industrial Complex - National Public Radio, 8 January 2003.
- Leading Defense Industry news source
